Please fill-up the columns below with major take-away or focus points for each topic/disorder. Review materials from previous courses such as Pathophysiology, etc. Disorder/s Etiology/Pathophysiolo gy (Possible Causative and Risk Factors) Clinical Manifestations Diagnostic Tests Nursing Interventions and Collaborative Management Possible Complications and Treatments/Interven tions for Complications Diabetes Mellitus Type I Juvenile-onset Insulin-dependent disease *Normal glucose level in range of 70 to 110 mg/dL* Autoimmune disorder in which the body develops antibodies against insulin and/or pancreatic B cells that produce insulin. Results are not enough insulin to survive. Patients take exogenous insulin to compensate. Most insulin receptors are located on skeletal muscle, fat, and liver cells. Rapid Onset of symptoms: Sudden weight loss, weakness and fatigue. Polydipsia >12L (excessive thirst), polyuria, and polyphagia. Hyperglycemia: Plasma glucose level >200 mg/dL of higher o Polyphagia- increased hungry o Polydipsia- excessive thirst o Polyuria- excessive urine output o Acetone breath o Nausea, fatigue, and blurred vision o Un-explained weight loss o Fasting plasma glucose level 110-126 mg/dL 1. A1c level of 6.5% or greater 2. Fasting plasma glucose level at or above 126 mg/dL. (No food for 8 hrs) 3. 2-hour plasma glucose level at or above 200 mg/dL 4. Hyperglycemic crisis of a random test of at least 200 and higher mg/dL Fructosamine reflects glycemia in previous 1-3 weeks Management for hypoglycemia (below 70 mg/dl) and hyperglycemia. Control emotional and physical stress that can increase blood glucose. Insulin administration: Goal is to achieve a glucose level of 80 to 130 mg/dL before meals Footcare and dental hygiene: encourage daily brushing and flossing in addition to regular visits to the dentist. Exercise: 30 minutes- 5 days/wk aerobic (150 minutes/week) schedule exercise about 1 hour after a meal or that they have a 10- to 15-g carbohydrate snack and check their blood glucose level before exercising. Avoid strenuous exercises may cause stress that causes elevated blood glucose. Teaching while Acutely Ill: Adult blindness (DM retinopathy), end-stage renal disease (nephropathy), nontraumatic lower limb amputations and DM neuropathy. Diabetic ketoacidosis Pancreas and Kidney Transplantations, usually it is done with patients who have end-stage kidney disease. Glaucoma 1 NR 325 Endocrine Disorders – Worksheet Student Name: Date: Assignment Week/Day: Please fill-up the columns below with major take-away or focus points for each topic/disorder. Review materials from previous courses such as Pathophysiology, etc. Disorder/s Etiology/Pathophysiolo gy (Possible Causative and Risk Factors) Clinical Manifestations Diagnostic Tests Nursing Interventions and Collaborative Management Possible Complications and Treatments/Interven tions for Complications In a person with type 1 diabetes who has hyperglycemia and ketones, exercise can worsen these conditions. Encourage patients to check blood glucose at least every 4 hours during times of illness. Acutely ill patients with type 1 diabetes whose blood glucose value is greater than 240 mg/dL (13.3 mmol/L) should also check urine for ketones every 3 to 4 hours Teach patients to report glucose levels exceeding 300 mg/dL for twice in a row or the presence of moderate to high urine ketone levels to the HCP. Maintain normal diet if able: supplementing food intake with carbohydrate-containing fluids, such as low-sodium soups, juices, and regular sugar-sweetened decaffeinated