1. What are the common risk factors and symptoms of coronary artery disease (CAD)?

How would you assess and manage a patient with suspected or confirmed CAD?

- Risk factors: age, gender, family history, smoking, hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes,

obesity, sedentary lifestyle, stress.

- Symptoms: chest pain or discomfort (angina), shortness of breath, fatigue, palpitations,

dizziness, nausea, sweating.

- Assessment: history, physical examination, electrocardiogram (ECG), cardiac

biomarkers, chest X-ray, echocardiogram, stress test, coronary angiography.

- Management: lifestyle modifications, medications (e.g., antiplatelets, nitrates, beta-

blockers, calcium channel blockers, statins), revascularization procedures (e.g.,

percutaneous coronary intervention, coronary artery bypass grafting), cardiac

rehabilitation.

2. What are the types and causes of anemia? How would you diagnose and treat a

patient with anemia?

- Types: normocytic (normal size and shape of red blood cells), microcytic (smaller than

normal red blood cells), macrocytic (larger than normal red blood cells).

- Causes: normocytic anemia can be caused by blood loss, hemolysis, or bone marrow

failure; microcytic anemia can be caused by iron deficiency, thalassemia, or lead

poisoning; macrocytic anemia can be caused by vitamin B12 or folate deficiency, liver

disease, or alcoholism.

- Diagnosis: complete blood count (CBC), peripheral blood smear, reticulocyte count,

serum iron, ferritin, transferrin saturation, total iron-binding capacity (TIBC), vitamin B12

and folate levels, hemoglobin electrophoresis.

- Treatment: depends on the type and cause of anemia; may include iron supplements,

vitamin B12 or folate injections or tablets, erythropoietin injections, blood transfusions,

bone marrow transplantation.

3. What are the stages and complications of chronic kidney disease (CKD)? How would

you monitor and manage a patient with CKD?

- Stages: based on the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), which measures how well the

kidneys filter waste from the blood; stage 1 (GFR > 90 mL/min), stage 2 (GFR 60-89

mL/min), stage 3 (GFR 30-59 mL/min), stage 4 (GFR 15-29 mL/min), stage 5 (GFR < 15>

mL/min or dialysis).