1. What are the three stages of labor and what are the main events that occur in each stage? - The first stage of labor is the onset of regular uterine contractions until the cervix is fully dilated (10 cm). It is divided into two phases: latent and active. In the latent phase, the cervix dilates from 0 to 3 cm and the contractions are mild and irregular. In the active phase, the cervix dilates from 4 to 10 cm and the contractions are stronger, more frequent and more regular. - The second stage of labor is from full cervical dilation until the delivery of the baby. It is also divided into two phases: descent and expulsion. In the descent phase, the baby's head moves down the birth canal and rotates to align with the pelvic outlet. In the expulsion phase, the mother pushes with each contraction to expel the baby out of the vagina. - The third stage of labor is from the delivery of the baby until the delivery of the placenta. It usually lasts 5 to 30 minutes and involves the separation and expulsion of the placenta from the uterine wall. 2. What are some common complications of pregnancy and how can they be prevented or managed? - Some common complications of pregnancy are gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, preterm labor, placenta previa, placental abruption, fetal distress and intrauterine growth restriction. They can be prevented or managed by regular prenatal care, screening tests, lifestyle modifications, medication, bed rest, hospitalization or delivery depending on the severity and type of complication. 3. What are some physiological changes that occur in the mother during the postpartum period and what are some nursing interventions to promote recovery and well-being? - Some physiological changes that occur in the mother during the postpartum period are involution of the uterus, lochia (vaginal discharge), breast engorgement, lactation, hormonal fluctuations, wound healing and psychological adjustments. Some nursing interventions to promote recovery and wellbeing are monitoring vital signs, fundal height, lochia, perineal care, pain management, breastfeeding support, education on self-care, contraception, infant care and postpartum depression. 4. What are some developmental milestones that infants achieve in their first year of life and what are some nursing interventions to promote growth and development? - Some developmental milestones that infants achieve in their first year of life are head control, rolling over, sitting up, crawling, standing, walking, grasping objects, babbling, smiling, laughing and responding to their name. Some nursing interventions to promote growth and developme nt are providing adequate nutrition, immunization, stimulation, safety, bonding and attachment. 5. What are some common health problems that affect children and what are some nursing interventions to prevent or treat them? - Some common health problems that affect children are respiratory infections, gastrointestinal infections, ear infections, skin infections, allergies, asthma, diabetes, obesity and injuries. Some nursing interventions to prevent or treat them are hygiene education, hand washing, immunization, hydration, nutrition, medication administration, symptom management, wound care and safety education. All health plans under th