1. Which of the following conditions may result in fluid overload in a critically ill patient? a. Cerebral salt wasting syndrome b. Diabetes insipidus c. Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) secretion d. Heart failure Answer: d. Heart failure Rationale: Heart failure can result in fluid overload due to the heart’s inability to pump effectively, leading to fluid accumulation in the body. 2. Which electrolyte imbalance is commonly seen in critically ill patients with renal failure? a. Hypernatremia b. Hypokalemia c. Hypermagnesemia d. Hyperphosphatemia Answer: b. Hypokalemia Rationale: Renal failure can lead to decreased potassium excretion, resulting in hypokalemia. 3. Which of the following is a sign of hypermagnesemia in a critically ill patient? a. Muscle cramps b. Hypotension c. Decreased deep tendon reflexes d. Hyperreflexia Answer: c. Decreased deep tendon reflexes Rationale: High magnesium levels can lead to decreased neuromuscular excitability, resulting in decreased deep tendon reflexes. 4. Which electrolyte imbalance is commonly seen in critically ill patients with diabetic ketoacidosis? a. Hypernatremia b. Hypophosphatemia c. Hyperkalemia d. Hypomagnesemia Answer: d. Hypomagnesemia Rationale: Diabetic ketoacidosis can lead to magnesium loss in the urine