1. A patient with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is undergoing evaluation for hemodialysis. Which vascular access site is preferred for long-term dialysis? A. Femoral vein B. Subclavian vein C. Internal jugular vein D. Arteriovenous fistula Answer: D. Arteriovenous fistula Rationale: An arteriovenous fistula is the preferred access site for longterm hemodialysis because it provides good blood flow for dialysis, has a lower infection rate, and lasts longer than other types of access. 2. A nurse is caring for a patient who just underwent a renal transplant. Which immunosuppressive medication would the nurse expect to administer to prevent organ rejection? A. Cyclosporine B. Insulin C. Heparin D. Metformin Answer: A. Cyclosporine Rationale: Cyclosporine is an immunosuppressive medication commonly used to prevent organ rejection in renal transplant patients. It works by inhibiting T-cell activation, which is crucial in the rejection process. 3. During assessment of a patient with acute kidney injury (AKI), the nurse notes oliguria. What is the minimum urine output per hour that defines oliguria? A. 30 mL/hr B. 100 mL/hr C. 400 mL/hr D. 500 mL/hr Answer: A. 30 mL/hr Rationale: Oliguria is defined as a urine output of less than 400 mL in 24 hours, which equates to approximately 30 mL/hr. It is a common sign of AKI and indicates impaired kidney function. 4. A patient with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) is scheduled for