1. What are the four main components of the nursing informatics framework proposed by Graves and Corcoran (1989)? - The four components are data, information, knowledge, and wisdom. - Data are discrete facts or observations that have no meaning by themselves. - Information is data that are processed, organized, or structured in a meaningful way. - Knowledge is information that is synthesized, analyzed, or applied to a specific context or purpose. - Wisdom is knowledge that is used for ethical decision making or problem solving. 2. What are the three levels of health information systems according to the Healthcare Information and Management Systems Society (HIMSS)? - The three levels are operational, tactical, and strategic. - Operational systems are those that support the daily activities and transactions of health care organizations, such as electronic health records (EHRs), laboratory information systems (LISs), and pharmacy information systems (PISs). - Tactical systems are those that support the planning and management of health care processes, such as clinical decision support systems (CDSSs), quality improvement systems (QISs), and population health management systems (PHMSs). - Strategic systems are those that support the long-term goals and vision of health care organizations, such as health information exchanges (HIEs), data warehouses (DWs), and business intelligence (BI) tools. 3. What are the five rights of clinical decision support (CDS) proposed by Osheroff et al. (2005)? - The five rights of CDS are the right information, the right person, the right format, the right channel, and the right time.