1. What is population health and how does it differ from public health? (5 marks) - Population health is the health outcomes of a group of individuals, including the distribution of such outcomes within the group. It is influenced by multiple determinants of health, such as social, environmental, economic, behavioral, and genetic factors. Public health is the science and practice of protecting and improving the health of people and communities through prevention, promotion, and intervention. Public health focuses on the health of the entire population, while population health focuses on specific groups within the population. 2. What are some of the key indicators of population health? (5 marks) - Some of the key indicators of population health are life expectancy, mortality, morbidity, disability, quality of life, health disparities, health behaviors, health care access and utilization, and social determinants of health. 3. What are some of the challenges and opportunities for improving population health in the 21st century? (10 marks) - Some of the challenges for improving population health in the 21st century are: - The increasing burden of chronic diseases and aging populations - The emergence and re-emergence of infectious diseases and antimicrobial resistance - The impacts of climate change and environmental degradation on health - The social and economic inequalities and inequities that affect health outcomes - The complexity and fragmentation of health systems and policies - Some of the opportunities for improving population health in the 21st century are: - The advancement of technology and innovation in health care delivery and research - The availability of big data and analytics for measuring and monitoring population health - The engagement and empowerment of individuals and communities in their own health