definition of isotonic

a solution whose solute concentration is equal to the solute concentration inside a 

cell

capillary oncotic pressure

osmotically attracts water from the interstitial space back into the capillary

fluid compartments in the body

2 main:

-2/3 by volume is in the INTRACELLUAR FLUID COMPARTMENT

-1/3 of body water is outside the cells in the EXTRACELLULAR FLUID 

COMPARTMENT

pulmonary embolus prevention

-Health teaching prior to surgery

-Anti-embolic stockings

-Exercise to prevent thrombosis

-Use of anticoagulant drugs

cause of tactile fremitus

dense or inflamed lung tissue from disease like pneumonia

types of pneumothorax

1. Primary spontaneous = no underlying lung disease

2. Secondary spontaneous = complication of pre-existing pulmonary disease

3. Traumatic = from penetrating or blunt trauma

4. Iatrogenic = from thoracentesis, biopsy, catheter, bronchoscopy, positivepressure ventiltion

5. Tension = air enters pleural space on inspiration but doesn't leave on expiration

results of the loss of alph-1-antitrypsin in emphysema

- panacinar emphysema

- damage from proteases in aveolar sacs

- lower lobes effected

result of loss of surfactant in ARDS

surfactant coats alveoli preventing alveoli collapse

- loss of surfactant results in alveoli collapse due to more surface tension

Cheyne-Stokes respiration

repeated breathing pattern characterized by fluctuation in the depth of respiration: 

first deeply, then shallow, then not at all

causes of hypovolemic shock

* Diarrhea

* vomiting

* hemorrhage (internal and external)

* inadequate fluid intake

* osmotic diuresis

* third-space losses

* large burns

how body maintains glucose levels during shock

cells shift to glycogenolysis gluconeogenesis and lipolysis to generate fuel

endometrial cycle

The 28 days of the menstrual cycle as they apply to the events in the uterus. The 

endometrial cycle has four subphases: menstruation, the proliferative phase, and 

the secretory phase, and the ischemic phase .

proliferative phase

The second phase of the uterine (endometrial) cycle, during which the 

endometrium (shed off during menstration is rebuilt). This phase of the cycle is 

under the control of estrogen, secreted from the follicle developing in the ovary 

during this time period. The proliferative phase typically lasts from day 6 to day 14 

of the menstrual cycle.

secretory phase

The third phase of the uterin (endometrial) cycle, during which the rebuilt 

endometrium is enhanced with glycogen and lipid stores. The secretory phase is 

primarily under the controll of progestone and estrogen (secreted from the copus 

luteum during this time period), adn typically lasts from day 15 to day 28 of the 

menstrual cycle.

ischemic phase

Approximately 3 days before menstruation to onset of menstruation. due to the 

decreased production of estrogen or progesterone and the endometrium becomes 

blood starved