Greenstick fracture

Break in only one cortex of bone. Cause: minor direct or indirect energy.

Pathologic fracture

Transverse, oblique, or spiral fracture of bone weakened by tumor pressure or 

presence. Cause: minor energy or force, which may be direct or indirect.

Open fracture

Skin broken over fracture; possible soft tissue trauma. Cause: moderate to severe 

energy that is continuous and exceeds tissue tolerances.

Impacted fracture

Fracture with one end wedged into opposite end of inside fractured fragment. 

Cause: compressive axial energy or force directly to distal fragment

What type of fracture is prevalent in osteoporosis?

Vertebral compression fractures

What is a screening test for osteoporosis?

Bone density test

Transchondral fractures

a fracture of the articular surface of a bone, produced by a force transmitted from 

the articular surface of a contiguous bone across the joint and through the articular 

cartilage to the subchondral trabeculae of the fractured bone

Gout: the main cause of pain

The formation of urticaria acid crystals in the joints

Pathological features of degenerative joint disease

Nonneoplastic disorder of progressive erosion of articular cartilage associated with 

aging, trauma, occupational injury

Osteomalacia

softening of the bones, typically through a deficiency of vitamin D or calcium

Epicondylopathy

a pain syndrome of the lateral and medial segments of the elbow joint, is one of the 

more prominent joint pain syndromes. The occurrence of pain in the periarticular 

tissues, often referred to as periarthritis, is a frequent cause of major limitations on 

the patient's limb mobility. Usually caused by overuse.

Hip fractures secondary to osteomyelitis

Infection of the bone can lead to loss of blood supply to the bone, which will lead 

to eventual bone death.

Diagnosing rhabdomyolysis

Creatine kinase, which is an enzyme found in the skeletal muscles, the brain, and 

the heart

Myoglobin in blood and urine, which is a protein that's a byproduct of muscle 

breakdown

Potassium, which is another important mineral that may leak from injured bone 

and muscles

Creatinine in blood and urine, which is a breakdown product created by muscle 

that's normally removed from the body by the kidneys

Reflux esophagitis

Reflux esophagitis is usually due to a condition known as gastroesophageal reflux 

disease (GERD). GERD occurs when stomach contents like acids, frequently back 

up into the esophagus.

Characteristics of gastric ulcers

Pain areas: in the chest or upper abdomen

Pain types: can be dull

Gastrointestinal: heartburn, indigestion, nausea, passing excessive amounts of gas, 

or vomiting

Also common: abdominal discomfort or fatigue

Causes of elevated liver function tests

Over-the-counter pain medications, particularly acetaminophen (Tylenol, others)

Certain prescription medications, including statin drugs used to control cholesterol

Drinking alcohol

Heart failure

Hepatitis A

Hepatitis B

Hepatitis C

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

Obesity

Alcoholic hepatitis (severe liver inflammation caused by excessive alcohol 

consumption)

Autoimmune hepatitis (liver inflammation caused by an autoimmune disorder)

Celiac disease (small intestine damage caused by gluten)

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection

Epstein-Barr virus

Hemochromatosis (too much iron stored in your body)