1. What are the four main components of the primary health care model for children? Explain each component briefly. - The four main components are: a) child health promotion, which includes activities such as immunization, nutrition, and injury prevention; b) child health protection, which involves identifying and addressing environmental and social factors that affect children's health; c) child health maintenance, which covers routine and preventive care such as growth monitoring, developmental screening, and oral health; and d) child health restoration, which refers to the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic conditions in children. 2. What are some common barriers to accessing primary care for children from low-income families? How can nurses help overcome these barriers? - Some common barriers are: a) lack of health insurance or inadequate coverage; b) high out-of-pocket costs or co-payments; c) transportation difficulties or long distances to clinics; d) limited availability or acceptability of services; e) cultural or linguistic differences or discrimination; and f) low health literacy or awareness of services. Nurses can help overcome these barriers by: a) providing information and education about the benefits of primary care and the available resources; b) advocating for policies and programs that improve access and affordability of care; c) collaborating with community partners and other health professionals to coordinate care and referrals; d) delivering culturally competent and family-centered care; e) using interpreters or translators when needed; and f) empowering families to participate in decisionmaking and self-management of their children's health. 3. What are some key principles of family-centered care in primary care settings? Give an example of how you would apply each principle in practice. - Some key principles are: a) respect for the family's values, beliefs, preferences, and strengths; b) partnership and collaboration between the family and the health care team; c) information sharing and communication in a clear, honest, and timely manner; d) participation and involvement of the family in all aspects of care planning, delivery, and evaluation; e) empowerment and support of the family to enhance their coping skills, confidence, and competence. An example of how to apply each principle is: a) asking the family about their goals, expectations, and concerns for their child's health; b) inviting the family to join the team meetings and consultations; c) explaining the diagnosis, treatment options, benefits, risks, and outcomes to the family in a language they understand; d) encouraging the family to ask questions, express their opinions, and provide feedback; e) providing the family with education, resources, referrals, and follow-up as needed. 4. What are some common developmental milestones for children aged 0-5 years? How would you assess the developmental status of a child in this age group? - Some common developmental milestones are: a) by 6 months, the child can roll over, sit with support, reach for objects, babble, smile, and respond to sounds; b) by 12 months, the child can crawl, stand with support, use simple gestures, say a few words, imitate sounds, and recognize familiar people; c) by 18 months, the child can walk independently, climb stairs with help, point to body parts, say 10-20 words, follow simple commands, and show affection; d) by 24 months, the child can run, kick a ball, use a spoon, name objects, say 50-100 words, combine two words, identify shapes and colors,