1. A 45-year-old male patient presents to the primary care

clinic with complaints of fatigue, weight loss, and frequent

urination. He has a history of hypertension and smoking.

The nurse suspects that he may have diabetes mellitus.

Which of the following tests would be most appropriate to

confirm the diagnosis?

a) Fasting plasma glucose

b) Oral glucose tolerance test

c) Glycated hemoglobin (A1C)

d) Random blood glucose

*Answer: c) Glycated hemoglobin (A1C)*

Rationale: A1C is a measure of the average blood glucose

level over the past 2 to 3 months. It is a reliable indicator of

diabetes mellitus and does not require fasting or oral

glucose ingestion. A1C levels of 6.5% or higher indicate

diabetes mellitus. Fasting plasma glucose, oral glucose

tolerance test, and random blood glucose are also used to

diagnose diabetes mellitus, but they are less accurate and

more affected by factors such as food intake, stress, and

medication.

2. A 25-year-old female patient visits the primary care

clinic for a routine check-up. She reports that she has been

using heroin for the past year and wants to quit. She has

tried to stop several times but experienced withdrawal

symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, muscle

aches, and anxiety. She asks the nurse what treatment

options are available for her. Which of the following