1. What are the three main components of illness management according to the NCLEX-RN exam? Provide

an example of each component for a client with diabetes.

- The three main components of illness management are: identifying client data that needs to be reported

immediately, applying knowledge of client pathophysiology to illness management, and evaluating the

effectiveness of the treatment regimen for a client with an acute or chronic diagnosis.

- For a client with diabetes, some examples of each component are:

- Identifying client data that needs to be reported immediately: signs of hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) or

hyperglycemia (high blood sugar), such as confusion, sweating, palpitations, blurred vision, weakness, etc.

These can indicate a need for immediate intervention to prevent complications such as coma or ketoacidosis.

- Applying knowledge of client pathophysiology to illness management: understanding how diabetes

affects the metabolism of glucose and insulin, and how this can lead to various complications such as

cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, neuropathy, etc. This can help the nurse to educate the client about

managing their blood sugar levels, diet, exercise, medication adherence, self-monitoring, etc.

- Evaluating the effectiveness of the treatment regimen for a client with an acute or chronic diagnosis:

monitoring the client's blood sugar levels, hemoglobin A1c (a measure of long-term blood sugar control),

blood pressure, cholesterol, kidney function, etc. These can indicate whether the treatment goals are being

met and whether any adjustments are needed.

2. What are some of the benefits of patient education in chronic disease management? Provide an example

of how a nurse can educate a client with COPD about managing their condition.

- Patient education in chronic disease management can help the client to understand their condition, improve

their self-care skills, increase their adherence to treatment, prevent complications, enhance their quality of

life, and reduce health care costs.

- For a client with COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), a nurse can educate them about

managing their condition by:

- Explaining the causes and effects of COPD on the lungs and other organs

- Teaching them how to use inhalers, oxygen therapy, or other medications correctly

- Encouraging them to quit smoking and avoid exposure to environmental irritants

- Advising them on how to conserve energy and prevent dyspnea (difficulty breathing) during daily

activities

- Recommending them to participate in pulmonary rehabilitation programs that include exercise, nutrition,

and psychosocial support

3. What are some of the common chronic diseases among older adults in the U.S.? What are some of the risk

factors and preventive measures for these diseases?

- Some of the common chronic diseases among older adults in the U.S. are hypertension (high blood

pressure), high cholesterol, arthritis, ischemic heart disease (coronary artery disease), diabetes, chronic

kidney disease, heart failure, depression, Alzheimer's disease and dementia, and COPD.

- Some of the risk factors for these diseases are age, genetics, lifestyle behaviors (such as smoking, physical

inactivity, poor diet), comorbidities (having more than one chronic condition), social determinants (such as

income, education, access to health care), and environmental factors (such as pollution, climate change).

- Some of the preventive measures for these diseases are regular screening and check-ups, immunizations