What are the functions of the kidneys? - ANS- Regulation of blood pressure; regulating blood osmolarity; removal of toxins; blood filtration; activate vitamin D What are the clinical manifestations of benign prostatic hypertrophy? - ANSdribbling; difficulty initiating urine stream; hesitancy; urinary retention, decreased stream What substance controls the reabsorption of water from the collecting ducts? - ANSADH- Anti Diuretic Hormone What is type 2 diabetes characterized as? - ANS- peripheral tissue insulin resistance What are the clinical manifestations of Graves' disease? - ANS- Exophthalmos (bulging eyes), goiter, enlarge thyroid, heat intolerance, anxiety- hyperthyroidism What processes occur during fasting? - ANS- glucogenesis; glycogenesis What type of tissue is accessed to promote energy production in type 1 diabetes? - ANS- adipose/ fat What are the clinical manifestations of hypothyroidism? - ANS- myxedema, fatigue, cold sensitivity, constipation, weight gain What are the clinical manifestations of hyperthyroidism? - ANS- Goiter, fatigue, weight loss, infertility, memory loss, hair loss, muscle pain What are the clinical manifestation of hyper para thyroidism? - ANS- fatigue, body aches, bone pain, depression, headaches, memory loss What are the clinical manifestations of hypo para thyroidism? - ANS- numbness, tetany, parathesis, muscle spasms What are the clinical manifestations of ketoacidosis? - ANS- fruity breath, drowsiness, nausea, thirst, confusion, lethargy, vomiting What mechanisms control hormone release and regulation? - ANS- negative feedback loop What hormones are released by the anterior pituitary gland? - ANS- Growth Hormone, prolactin, follicle stimulating hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, LH, ACTH and endorphins What is diabetes insipidus? - ANS- a disorder caused by inadequate amounts of ADH which causes excessive water loss clinical manifestations of diabetes insipidus - ANS- polyuria, nocturia, continuous thirst, and polydipsia clinical manifestations of Cushings syndrome? - ANS- Excessive secretion of cortisol causes redistribution of fat, "moon face", "buffalo" hump on the back and pendulous abdomen. - Facial skin is flushed (high blood pressure), skin covering abdomen develops stretch marks - • ndividual bruises easily and wound healing is poor - Approximately 1/2 develop mental status changes from irritability to severe psychiatric disturbance - Females may experience changes due to increased androgen levels clinical manifestations of secondary hypothyroidism - ANS- Weakness. - Fatigue. - Cold intolerance. - Constipation. - Weight gain. - Depression. - Joint or muscle pain. - Brittle fingernails. clinical manifestations of primary hypothyroidism - ANS- fatigue. - lethargy. - sensitivity to cold. - depression. - muscle weakness. clinical manifestations of primary aldosteronism - ANS- hypertension and hypokalemia clinical manifestations of secondary aldosteronism - ANS- High blood pressure. - Low level of potassium in the blood. - Feeling tired all the time. - Headache. - Muscle weakness. - Numbness. What is myxedema? - ANS- severe hypothyroidism; non pitting edema What are the causes of hypothyroidism? - ANS- Hashimoto's disease: most common when the immune system attacks the thyroid cells - after surgical or radioactive treatment for hyperthyroidism - head or neck radiation for cancer - iodine deficiency