1. Which of the following is considered the founder of

modern nursing who established the first secular nursing

school in London and improved sanitary conditions in

hospitals during the Crimean War?

a) Clara Barton

b) Dorothea Dix

c) Florence Nightingale*

d) Mary Seacole

Rationale: Florence Nightingale is widely regarded as the

founder of modern nursing for her contributions to nursing

education, research, and practice. She established the

Nightingale School of Nursing at St. Thomas' Hospital in

London in 1860, which was the first secular nursing school

in the world. She also advocated for better hygiene and

sanitation in hospitals, especially during the Crimean War,

where she reduced the mortality rate of wounded soldiers

by implementing sanitary reforms.

2. Which of the following is a historical example of a nurse

theorist who developed a conceptual model of nursing that

emphasized the holistic care of individuals, families, and

communities?

a) Martha Rogers*

b) Virginia Henderson

c) Jean Watson

d) Betty Neuman

Rationale: Martha Rogers developed the Science of Unitary

Human Beings, a conceptual model of nursing that views

human beings as dynamic energy fields that interact with