1. Which of the following best describes the pathophysiology of pneumonia?

a. Inflammatory process leading to fluid accumulation in the alveoli

b. Excessive mucus production obstructing the lower airways

c. Autoimmune reaction causing damage to the alveolar walls

d. Decreased production of surfactant resulting in alveolar collapse

Answer: a. Inflammatory process leading to fluid accumulation in the alveoli

Rationale: Pneumonia is an infection that primarily affects the lung alveoli, causing an

inflammatory response. This inflammation leads to fluid accumulation in the alveoli,

impairing gas exchange.

2. What is the primary pathophysiological process involved in the development of

autoimmune disorders?

a. Destruction of healthy cells by invading pathogens

b. Dysfunction of the immune system causing self-attack

c. Overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines

d. Mutation in DNA leading to abnormal protein synthesis

Answer: b. Dysfunction of the immune system causing self-attack

Rationale: Autoimmune disorders occur when the immune system mistakenly attacks

healthy cells within the body, leading to tissue damage and organ dysfunction.

3. Which of the following best explains the pathophysiology of congestive heart failure?

a. Accumulation of plaque in coronary arteries leading to decreased blood supply to the

heart

b. Impaired ability of the heart to pump blood resulting in inadequate tissue perfusion

c. Disruption of electrical impulses in the heart causing abnormal heart rhythms

d. Excessive production of renin leading to fluid overload in the body

Answer: b. Impaired ability of the heart to pump blood resulting in inadequate tissue

perfusion

Rationale: Congestive heart failure occurs when the heart is unable to pump enough blood

to meet the body's demands. This leads to inadequate tissue perfusion and the

accumulation of fluid in the lungs and peripheral tissues.

4. What is the primary pathophysiological mechanism responsible for the development of

type 2 diabetes mellitus?

a. Destruction of pancreatic beta cells leading to insulin deficiency

b. Insulin resistance resulting in impaired glucose uptake

c. Genetic mutation affecting insulin receptor function

d. Decreased production of glucagon by pancreatic alpha cells

Answer: b. Insulin resistance resulting in impaired glucose uptake

Rationale: Type 2 diabetes mellitus is characterized by insulin resistance, where the body's

cells become resistant to the action of insulin, leading to impaired glucose uptake and

elevated blood glucose levels.

5. Which of the following is the underlying pathophysiological process for the development

of acute renal failure?

a. Inflammation and scarring of the renal tubules

b. Obstruction of the renal arteries causing decreased blood flow