1. What is the primary goal of Total Quality Management (TQM) in healthcare? A. Cost reduction B. Patient satisfaction C. Process standardization D. Risk management Answer: B. Patient satisfaction Rationale: TQM focuses on meeting the needs and expectations of patients, which is central to improving healthcare quality. 2. Which of the following is a key component of the Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA) cycle? A. Assigning blame for errors B. Implementing changes without analysis C. Studying the results of a test change D. Skipping the planning phase Answer: C. Studying the results of a test change Rationale: The PDSA cycle is iterative and emphasizes studying the outcomes of changes to inform further improvements. 3. Lean methodology in healthcare aims to: A. Increase the number of services offered B. Eliminate waste and improve efficiency C. Focus solely on healthcare technology D. Reduce staff to patient ratios Answer: B. Eliminate waste and improve efficiency Rationale: Lean methodology seeks to streamline processes, reduce waste, and enhance value to the patient. 4. The Six Sigma approach in healthcare is used to: A. Decrease variability and defects B. Increase patient wait times C. Reduce staff training D. Simplify documentation requirements Answer: A. Decrease variability and defects Rationale: Six Sigma aims to improve quality by minimizing variabilit