What is the first step in the research process? A. Data analysis B. Literature review C. Hypothesis formulation D. Data collection Answer: B. Literature review Rationale: The literature review is the initial step in the research process to identify existing knowledge gaps. Which type of research design focuses on cause and effect relationships? A. Descriptive B. Experimental C. Qualitative D. Correlational Answer: B. Experimental Rationale: Experimental research design allows researchers to establish cause and effect relationships through controlled conditions. What is the purpose of randomization in a research study? A. To ensure blinding B. To eliminate bias C. To enhance generalizability D. To increase sample size Answer: B. To eliminate bias Rationale: Randomization helps in distributing potential sources of bias equally among groups. Which type of sampling technique involves selecting every nth individual from a list? A. Convenience sampling B. Purposive sampling C. Systematic sampling D. Snowball sampling Answer: C. Systematic sampling Rationale: Systematic sampling ensures a random selection process by choosing every nth individual from a list