1. A cohort study is being conducted to assess the risk of developing lung cancer associated with exposure to secondhand smoke. Which of the following best describes the primary advantage of a cohort study in this scenario? A. It can establish a temporal relationship between exposure and outcome. B. It is the most cost-effective method. C. It can conclusively prove causation. D. It eliminates the possibility of recall bias. Answer: A. Cohort studies are observational and prospective in nature, which allows for the observation of the incidence of disease in exposed versus non-exposed groups over time, establishing a temporal relationship between exposure and outcome. 2. In a case-control study investigating the association between a new occupational hazard and skin cancer, what measure of association is most appropriate to quantify the relationship? A. Relative risk B. Odds ratio C. Hazard ratio D. Attributable risk Answer: B. In case-control studies, the odds ratio is the appropriate measure of association as it compares the odds of exposure among cases (those with the disease) to the odds of exposure among controls (those without the disease). 3. When considering the Bradford Hill criteria for causation, which of the following is NOT one of the considerations? A. Temporality B. Plausibility C. Specificity D. Cost-effectiveness Answer: D. Cost-effectiveness is not one of the Bradford Hill criteria for causation. The criteria include strength, consistency, specificity, temporality, biological gradient, plausibility, coherence, experiment, and analogy.