1. A 50-year-old male patient presents with a chronic cough and shortness of breath. A CT scan shows a mass in the upper lobe of the right lung. Which of the following genetic mutations is most commonly associated with this presentation? A. KRAS B. EGFR C. ALK D. BRAF Answer: B. EGFR Rationale: Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations are commonly associated with non-small cell lung cancers, particularly in patients with a history of smoking. 2. A 25-year-old female patient is diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Which pathophysiological mechanism is primarily involved in the development of SLE? A. Cell-mediated immunity B. Humoral immunity C. Complement system activation D. Phagocytosis Answer: B. Humoral immunity Rationale: SLE is characterized by the production of autoantibodies and immune complexes, which are components of humoral immunity. 3. A patient with a history of hypertension and diabetes mellitus is found to have proteinuria. Which pathophysiological process is most likely responsible for this finding? A. Glomerular hyperfiltration B. Tubular reabsorption C. Decreased renal threshold D. Renal artery stenosis Answer: A. Glomerular hyperfiltration Rationale: In patients with diabetes, glomerular hyperfiltration can lead to kidney damage and proteinuria. 4. A 40-year-old patient presents with fatigue, weight gain, and cold intolerance. Laboratory tests reveal low serum T3 and T4 levels. Which of