Question 1: Cardiovascular Pathophysiology

 Describe the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis, including the sequence of events from

endothelial dysfunction to the formation of atherosclerotic plaques. Discuss the clinical

implications and potential complications of atherosclerosis.

 Answer 1: Cardiovascular Pathophysiology

 Atherosclerosis begins with endothelial dysfunction, leading to the accumulation of LDL

cholesterol, inflammatory response, foam cell formation, and plaque development. Clinical

implications include reduced blood flow, ischemia, and potential complications such as

myocardial infarction, stroke, and peripheral artery disease.

 Rationale:

 This question assesses students' understanding of atherosclerosis, its progression, and

potential clinical consequences, which are crucial for nursing assessment, intervention, and

patient education in managing patients at risk for or with atherosclerosis-related conditions.

Question 2: Respiratory Pathophysiology

 Explain the pathophysiology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), focusing on

the mechanisms of airflow limitation, air trapping, and mucus hypersecretion. Discuss the

impact of COPD exacerbations on lung function and patients' quality of life.

 Answer 2: Respiratory Pathophysiology

 COPD involves airflow limitation due to airway inflammation, mucus hypersecretion, and

alveolar destruction. Exacerbations lead to increased air trapping, hypoxemia, and

hypercapnia, impacting lung function and causing worsening dyspnea and reduced quality of

life for patients.

 Rationale:

 Evaluating students' understanding of COPD pathophysiology, exacerbation mechanisms,

and their impact on patients' respiratory function and well-being is essential for nursing

assessment, supportive care, and patient education in managing COPD patients.

Question 3: Renal Pathophysiology

 Describe the pathophysiology of acute kidney injury (AKI), emphasizing the mechanisms of

renal hypoperfusion, tubular injury, and impaired filtration. Discuss the potential complications

and long-term effects of AKI on renal function and overall health.