1. Multiple Choice: Which research design is most appropriate for studying the long-term effects of nursing interventions on patient outcomes? A) Cross-sectional B) Longitudinal C) Experimental D) Case study Answer: B) Longitudinal Rationale: Longitudinal studies allow researchers to collect data at multiple intervals over time, which is ideal for assessing the long-term effects of interventions. 2. True/False: The Hawthorne effect refers to changes in a subject's behavior caused by the awareness of being observed. Answer: True Rationale: The Hawthorne effect is the alteration of behavior by the subjects of a study due to their awareness of being observed.