1. A patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has

a low arterial oxygen level and a high carbon dioxide level. What is

the most likely cause of this condition?

a) Hypoventilation

b) Hyperventilation

c) Respiratory acidosis*

d) Respiratory alkalosis

Rationale: Hypoventilation leads to increased carbon dioxide

retention and decreased oxygen exchange, resulting in respiratory

acidosis. Hyperventilation causes the opposite effects, resulting in

respiratory alkalosis. COPD is a chronic condition that impairs the

ability to exhale air, causing hypoventilation.

2. A patient with diabetes mellitus has developed diabetic

ketoacidosis (DKA). What are the main metabolic disturbances that

occur in DKA?

a) Hyperglycemia, ketonemia, and metabolic acidosis*

b) Hyperglycemia, ketonuria, and metabolic alkalosis

c) Hypoglycemia, ketonemia, and metabolic acidosis

d) Hypoglycemia, ketonuria, and metabolic alkalosis

Rationale: DKA is a serious complication of diabetes mellitus that

occurs when the body cannot use glucose as a fuel source due to

insulin deficiency or resistance. The body then breaks down fat for

energy, producing ketones as a byproduct. Ketones are acidic and

can accumulate in the blood, causing ketonemia and metabolic

acidosis. Hyperglycemia is also present due to the lack of insulin

action on glucose uptake. Ketonuria is the excretion of ketones in

the urine, which can be detected by urine dipstick tests.

3. A patient with hypertension has been prescribed a beta-blocker

medication to lower their blood pressure. How does this

medication work?

a) It blocks the action of angiotensin II on the blood vessels, causing

vasodilation