1. Which of the following mechanisms is NOT involved in the

pathophysiology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?

a) Inflammation of the bronchi

b) Increased mucus production

c) Destruction of alveoli

d) Decreased airway resistance

Answer: d) Decreased airway resistance

Rationale: COPD is characterized by chronic inflammation of the

bronchi, increased mucus production, and destruction of alveoli.

However, airway resistance is actually increased in COPD due to

structural changes and narrowing of the airways.

2. A patient with heart failure presents with peripheral edema and

breathlessness upon exertion. Which of the following

pathophysiological processes is responsible for these symptoms?

a) Decreased cardiac contractility

b) Pulmonary vasoconstriction

c) Increased systemic vascular resistance

d) Fluid retention

Answer: d) Fluid retention

Rationale: Heart failure leads to fluid retention due to impaired

cardiac function. This excess fluid accumulates in the peripheral

tissues, resulting in edema, and may also cause fluid to back up into

the lungs, leading to breathlessness.

3. Which of the following factors is involved in the development of

insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes?

a) Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells

b) Impaired insulin secretion