1. What are the three core functions of public health nursing according to the Institute of Medicine? How do they relate to the essential public health services? - The three core functions are assessment, policy development, and assurance. Assessment involves collecting and analyzing data to identify the health needs and problems of a population. Policy development involves creating plans and strategies to address those needs and problems. Assurance involves ensuring that the plans and strategies are implemented and evaluated effectively. - The essential public health services are a set of 10 activities that operationalize the core functions. They include monitoring, diagnosing, informing, mobilizing, developing, enforcing, linking, assuring, evaluating, and researching. 2. What are the four levels of prevention in public health nursing? Give an example of each level. - The four levels of prevention are primordial, primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primordial prevention aims to prevent the emergence of risk factors or exposures that can lead to disease or injury. For example, promoting healthy lifestyles and environments to reduce the risk of chronic diseases. Primary prevention aims to prevent the onset of disease or injury by reducing exposure or susceptibility. For example, immunizing children against vaccine-preventable diseases. Secondary prevention aims to detect and treat disease or injury early to prevent complications or progression. For example, screening women for cervical cancer and providing treatment if needed. Tertiary prevention aims to reduce the impact of disease or injury by restoring function, preventing complications, or improving quality of life. For example, providing rehabilitation services for stroke survivors. 3. What are the three types of interventions in public health nursing? Give an example of each type. - The three types of interventions are individual-focused, population-focused, and systems-focused. Individual-focused interventions target specific individuals or groups who are at risk or affected by a health problem. For example, providing counseling and education for pregnant women who smoke. Populationfocused interventions target the entire population or a subgroup within the population who share a common characteristic or risk factor. For example, implementing a mass media campaign to raise awareness about HIV prevention. Systems-focused interventions target the organizations, policies, laws, or regulations that influence the health of individuals and populations. For example, advocating for smoke-free legislation to protect workers and the public from secondhand smoke exposure. 4. What are the four phases of the nursing process in public health nursing? How do they differ from the traditional nursing process? - The four phases of the nursing process in public health nursing are assessment, planning, implementation, and evaluation. They differ from the traditional nursing process in several ways. First, the focus is on populations rather than individuals. Second, the assessment phase involves collecting data from multiple