1. What are the three levels of prevention in public health nursing and how do they differ? Provide an example of each level. - The three levels of prevention are primary, secondary and tertiary. Primary prevention aims to prevent disease or injury before it occurs by reducing exposure to risk factors or enhancing resistance. For example, immunization, health education, sanitation, etc. Secondary prevention aims to detect and treat disease or injury as early as possible to limit its severity and complications. For example, screening, diagnosis, treatment, contact tracing, etc. Tertiary prevention aims to reduce the impact of disease or injury on quality of life and function by minimizing disability and promoting rehabilitation. For example, palliative care, chronic disease management, disability support, etc. 2. What are the core functions and essential services of public health nursing? List and briefly describe each one. - The core functions and essential services of public health nursing are based on the framework developed by the Institute of Medicine in 1988. They are: - Assessment: The systematic collection, analysis and dissemination of data on the health status, needs and resources of a population. - Policy development: The formulation of evidence-based policies that address the health problems and priorities of a population. - Assurance: The provision of quality services that meet the standards and expectations of a population. - Essential services: The specific activities that public health nurses perform under each core function. They are: - Monitor health status and identify health problems - Diagnose and investigate health problems and hazards - Inform, educate and empower people about health issues - Mobilize community partnerships and action to identify and solve health problems - Develop policies and plans that support individual and community health efforts - Enforce laws and regulations that protect health and ensure safety - Link people to needed personal health services and ensure the provision of health care when otherwise unavailable - Ensure a competent public health and personal health care workforce - Evaluate effectiveness, accessibility and quality of personal and population-based health services - Research for new insights and innovative solutions to health problems 3. What are some of the key principles and values that guide public health nursing practice? Explain why they are important. - Some of the key principles and values that guide public health nursing practice are: - Population focus: Public health nurses consider the health needs and outcomes of the whole population, not just individuals or groups. They use epidemiological methods to identify patterns, trends and determinants of health and disease in a population. - Social justice: Public health nurses advocate for the fair distribution of health resources and opportunities among all people, especially those who are marginalized or vulnerable. They address the social, economic