What is the difference between nursing science and nursing practice? Provide an example of how each

contributes to nursing knowledge.

- Nursing science is the systematic development and testing of theories and concepts that explain, describe,

or predict phenomena related to nursing. Nursing practice is the application of nursing knowledge, skills,

and values to provide care for individuals, families, groups, and communities. Both contribute to nursing

knowledge by generating new insights, validating existing knowledge, and improving the quality and

effectiveness of nursing care. For example, nursing science may develop a theory of pain management that

explains how different factors influence pain perception and response. Nursing practice may use this theory

to guide the assessment and intervention of patients with pain.

2. What are the four patterns of knowing in nursing proposed by Carper (1978)? How do they help nurses to

develop a holistic understanding of their clients and situations?

- The four patterns of knowing in nursing are empirical, ethical, personal, and aesthetic. Empirical knowing

refers to the factual and scientific knowledge that can be verified by research and observation. Ethical

knowing refers to the moral and ethical principles that guide nursing actions and decisions. Personal

knowing refers to the subjective and experiential knowledge that nurses gain from their interactions with

clients and self-awareness. Aesthetic knowing refers to the creative and intuitive knowledge that nurses use

to appreciate the uniqueness and complexity of each client and situation. These patterns help nurses to

develop a holistic understanding of their clients and situations by integrating different sources and forms of

knowledge that are relevant to each context.

3. What is evidence-based practice (EBP) in nursing? What are the steps involved in implementing EBP?

What are some of the benefits and challenges of EBP?

- Evidence-based practice (EBP) in nursing is the use of the best available evidence from research, clinical

expertise, and patient preferences to inform and improve nursing care. The steps involved in implementing

EBP are: 1) ask a clinical question; 2) search for relevant evidence; 3) appraise the quality and strength of

the evidence; 4) integrate the evidence with clinical judgment and patient values; 5) evaluate the outcomes

and disseminate the results. Some of the benefits of EBP are: it enhances patient outcomes, reduces

variations in practice, promotes lifelong learning, and supports professional accountability. Some of the

challenges of EBP are: it requires time, resources, skills, and motivation; it may encounter resistance from

staff, managers, or patients; it may not address all aspects of nursing care or reflect local contexts.

4. What is the difference between quantitative and qualitative research methods in nursing? Provide an

example of a research question that can be answered by each method.

- Quantitative research methods in nursing use numerical data, statistical analysis, and objective

measurement to test hypotheses, compare groups, or establish relationships among variables. Qualitative

research methods in nursing use non-numerical data, thematic analysis, and subjective interpretation to

explore meanings, experiences, or processes related to nursing phenomena. An example of a research

question that can be answered by quantitative methods is: What is the effect of music therapy on anxiety

levels among hospitalized children? An example of a research question that can be answered by qualitative