- How did Florence Nightingale's sanitation efforts during the Crimean War contribute to the development

of nursing theory?

 - Answer: Florence Nightingale's sanitation efforts reduced the mortality rate of soldiers from 42% to 2%,

demonstrating the importance of environmental factors on health outcomes. She also collected and analyzed

data to support her findings, laying the foundation for evidence-based practice and nursing research. She

published her ideas in Notes on Nursing, which is considered the first nursing theory book.

 - Rationale: This question assesses the students' knowledge of the historical context and significance of

Florence Nightingale's work, which is widely regarded as the origin of modern nursing theory.

- What are the four major concepts that are common to most nursing theories, according to Fawcett's

metaparadigm?

 - Answer: The four major concepts are person, environment, health, and nursing. Person refers to the

recipient of care, who can be an individual, a family, a group, or a community. Environment refers to the

internal and external factors that affect the person's health and well-being. Health refers to the state of

wellness or illness of the person, which can be influenced by biological, psychological, social, and spiritual

dimensions. Nursing refers to the actions, goals, and roles of the nurse in providing care to the person.

 - Rationale: This question assesses the students' understanding of the metaparadigm of nursing, which is a

framework that defines the scope and boundaries of nursing as a discipline.

- What is the difference between grand theories and middle-range theories in nursing?

 - Answer: Grand theories are broad and abstract, and provide a general perspective on nursing phenomena.

They aim to explain the nature and goals of nursing as a whole. Middle-range theories are more specific and

testable, and address particular aspects of nursing practice, research, or education. They aim to guide

interventions and predict outcomes for specific situations or populations.

 - Rationale: This question assesses the students' ability to compare and contrast different levels of

abstraction and generality in nursing theories.

- What are some examples of situation-specific theories in nursing, and how do they differ from middlerange theories?

 - Answer: Situation-specific theories are a type of middle-range theory that focus on a narrow phenomenon

or concept that reflects clinical practice realities. They are derived from empirical evidence or practice

experience, and are designed to be applicable to a particular setting, population, or problem. Some examples

are Mishel's Uncertainty in Illness Theory, Pender's Health Promotion Model, and Kolcaba's Theory of

Comfort.

 - Rationale: This question assesses the students' familiarity with some situation-specific theories in nursing,

and their ability to distinguish them from other middle-range theories.