1. Which of the following best describes the

pathophysiological mechanism of type 1 diabetes mellitus?

a. Insulin resistance

b. Antibodies destroying pancreatic beta cells

c. Increased production of glucagon

d. Kidney dysfunction impairing glucose reabsorption

Answer: b. Antibodies destroying pancreatic beta cells

Rationale: Type 1 diabetes mellitus is an autoimmune

disorder in which the body's immune system mistakenly

attacks and destroys pancreatic beta cells, resulting in little

to no insulin production.

2. Which of the following occurs as a result of an impaired

function of the sinoatrial (SA) node?

a. Increased heart rate

b. Decreased cardiac contractility

c. Irregular heart rhythm

d. Vasoconstriction

Answer: c. Irregular heart rhythm

Rationale: The SA node is responsible for initiating the

electrical impulses that regulate the heart's rhythm. If there

is an impairment in its function, it can lead to irregular

heart rhythms, such as atrial fibrillation or bradycardia.

3. Which statement accurately describes the

pathophysiology of asthma?