1. What is the primary difference between ionic and covalent bonds? A) Ionic bonds involve the transfer of electrons, while covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons. B) Ionic bonds involve the sharing of electrons, while covalent bonds involve the transfer of electrons. C) Ionic bonds only occur in organic compounds, while covalent bonds occur in inorganic compounds. D) There is no significant difference; both bond types are interchangeable. Answer: A Rationale: Ionic bonds are formed when one atom donates an electron to another, creating ions that attract each other. Covalent bonds occur when atoms share electrons to achieve stability. 2. Which of the following is true regarding the pH scale? A) It measures the concentration of hydroxide ions in a solution. B) It is a logarithmic scale where each number represents a tenfold change in ion concentration. C) A pH of 7 is considered acid