1. What is the most common cause of COPD?

a) Smoking

b) Air pollution

c) Allergic asthma

d) Tuberculosis

Answer: A. Smoking is the most common cause of COPD,

accounting for about 80% of cases. Smoking damages the

airways and alveoli, leading to chronic inflammation and

airflow obstruction.

2. What are the main physiological changes that occur in

COPD?

a) Increased airway resistance and decreased lung

compliance

b) Decreased airway resistance and increased lung

compliance

c) Increased airway resistance and increased lung

compliance

d) Decreased airway resistance and decreased lung

compliance

Answer: A. Increased airway resistance and decreased lung

compliance are the main physiological changes that occur

in COPD. Airway resistance is increased due to

bronchoconstriction, mucus production, and airway

remodeling. Lung compliance is decreased due to loss of

elastic recoil, alveolar destruction, and pulmonary

hypertension.

3. What are the clinical manifestations of COPD?