1. What is the normal range of stroke volume (SV) in adults?

a) 30-60 mL

b) 60-90 mL

c) 90-120 mL

d) 120-150 mL

Answer: B

Rationale: Stroke volume is the volume of blood pumped out of the left

ventricle per heartbeat. The normal range is 60-90 mL .

2. What is the most common method of measuring preload in

hemodynamic monitoring?

a) Central venous pressure (CVP)

b) Pulmonary artery wedge pressure (PAWP)

c) Systemic vascular resistance (SVR)

d) Cardiac output (CO)

Answer: B

Rationale: Preload is the amount of ventricular stretch at the end of

diastole. The most common method of measuring preload is PAWP,

which reflects the left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) .

3. What is the formula for calculating cardiac output (CO)?

a) CO = SV x HR

b) CO = SV x SVR

c) CO = HR x MAP

d) CO = HR x CVP

Answer: A

Rationale: Cardiac output is the volume of blood pumped by the heart per

minute. It is calculated by multiplying stroke volume by heart rate .

4. What is the normal range of systemic vascular resistance (SVR) in

adults?

a) 800-1200 dynes/sec/cm^-5^

b) 1200-1600 dynes/sec/cm^-5^

c) 1600-2000 dynes/sec/cm^-5^

d) 2000-2400 dynes/sec/cm^-5^

Answer: A

Rationale: Systemic vascular resistance is the amount of resistance the