1. What are the four main types of pain? How are they different from each other? - The four main types of pain are nociceptive, neuropathic, inflammatory, and functional. Nociceptive pain is caused by tissue damage or injury, neuropathic pain is caused by nerve damage or dysfunction, inflammatory pain is caused by inflammation or infection, and functional pain is caused by abnormal processing of pain signals in the brain or spinal cord. 2. What are some common pain assessment tools or scales? How do they help in measuring pain intensity and quality? - Some common pain assessment tools or scales are the numeric rating scale (NRS), the visual analog scale (VAS), the faces pain scale (FPS), the McGill pain questionnaire (MPQ), and the brief pain inventory (BPI). They help in measuring pain intensity and quality by asking the patient to rate their pain on a numerical or graphical scale, or to describe their pain using words or categories. 3. What are some non-pharmacological interventions for pain management? How do they work and what are their benefits and limitations? - Some non-pharmacological interventions for pain management are cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), relaxation techniques, distraction, massage, acupuncture, heat and cold therapy, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), and biofeedback. They work by modifying the perception of pain, reducing stress and anxiety, enhancing coping skills, stimulating natural painkillers, or blocking pain signals. Their benefits include being safe, cost-effective, and complementary to pharmacological treatments. Their limitations include being time-consuming, requiring patient motivation and compliance, and having variable efficacy depending on the individual and the type of pain. 4. What are some pharmacological interventions for pain management? How do they work and what are their benefits and limitations?