What does the pathophysiology of chronic gastritis include? A. Atrophy of the gastric mucosa with decreased secretions B. Hyperchlorhydria and chronic peptic ulcers C. Frequent vomiting and diarrhea D. Episodes of acute inflammation and edema of the mucosa A. Atrophy of the gastric mucosa with decreased secretions What is a common cause of gastroenteritis due to Salmonella? A. Unrefrigerated custards or salad dressings B. Poorly canned foods C. Raw or undercooked poultry or eggs D. Contaminated water C. Raw or undercooked poultry or eggs Which of the following individuals is likely to develop acute gastritis? A. A long-term, heavy cigarette smoker B. Patient with arthritis taking enteric-coated aspirin on a daily basis C. A person with an autoimmune reaction in the gastric mucosa D. An individual with an allergy to shellfish D. An individual with an allergy to shellfish What does congenital pyloric stenosis involve? A. Absence of peristalsis in the lower section of the stomach B. Failure of an opening to develop between the stomach and duodenum C. Hypertrophy of smooth muscle in the pylorus D. Thickening of the gastric wall due to chronic inflammation C. Hypertrophy of smooth muscle in the pylorus A patient with acquired pyloric stenosis would likely: A. have an increase in appetite. B. have chronic diarrhea. C. develop severe colicky pains. D. vomit undigested food from previous meals. D. vomit undigested food from previous meals. Prolonged or severe stress predisposes to peptic ulcer disease because: A. of reduced blood flow to the gastric wall and mucous glands. B. of reduced bicarbonate content in bile and pancreatic secretions. C. stress increases the number of acid- and pepsinogen-secreting cells. D. increased epinephrine increases motility. A. of reduced blood flow to the gastric wall and mucous glands. The pathophysiology of peptic ulcer disease may involve any of the following EXCEPT: A. decreased resistance of the mucosal barrier. B. increased stimulation of pepsin and acid secretions. C. infection by H. pylori. D. increased stimulation of mucus-producing glands. D. increased stimulation of mucus-producing glands. In the liver, amino acids are used to produce complex molecules by means of: A. glycogenesis. B. anabolic processes. C. catabolic processes. D. autodigestion. B. anabolic processes. Which of the following cells in the gastric mucosa produce intrinsic factor and hydrochloric acid? A. Parietal cells B. Chief cells C. Mucous cells D. Gastrin cells A. Parietal cells Which of the following is the primary site for absorption of nutrients? A. Stomach B. Duodenum C. Ileum D. Ascending colon C. Ileum When highly acidic chyme enters the duodenum, which hormone stimulates the release of pancreatic secretions that contains very high bicarbonate ion content? A. Gastrin B. Secretin C. Cholecystokinin D. Histamine B. Secretin Which of the following breaks protein down into peptides? A. Amylase B. Peptidase C. Lactase D. Trypsin D. Trypsin In which structure is oxygenated blood (arterial) mixed with unoxygenated blood (venous) so as to support the functions of the structure? A. Pancreas B. Liver C. Small intestine D. Spleen B. Liver Which of the following stimulates increased peristalsis and secretions in the digestive tract? A. Sympathetic nervous system B. Vagus nerve C. Increased saliva D. Absence of food in the system B. Vagus nerve Which of the following is contained in pancreatic exocrine secretions? A. Bicarbonate ion B. Hydrochloric acid C. Activated digestive enzymes D. Insulin A. Bicarbonate ion Which of the following processes is likely to occur in the body immediately after a meal? A. Lipolysis B. Ketogenesis C. Gluconeogenesis D. Glycogenesis D. Glycogenesis The presence of food in the intestine stimulates intestinal activity but inhibits gastric activity through the: A. defecation reflex. B. enterogastric reflex. C. vomiting reflex. D. autodigestive reflex. B. enterogastric reflex. What does the term gluconeogenesis refer to? A. Breakdown of glycogen to produce glucose B. Conversion of excess glucose into glycogen for storage C. Formation of glucose from protein and fat D. Breakdown of glucose into carbon dioxide and water