PATHOI370ITESTI4 D. ID. IisIaI66Iyear-oldIfemale IsufferingIfromIshortnessIofIbreath. ISheIsmokedI2IpacksIa IdayIuntil IsheIquit I2IyearsIago. IShe IhasIa IhistoryIofIbronchiolitis, IhyperinflatedIlungs, Ipulmonary Iedema, IandIsyncope. IHerIprimaryIcare IpractitionerIsuspectsIshe IalsoIhasIpulmonary IhypertensionI(PH). IAfterIexamination, ID. ID. IhasIaIPAPIofI35mmHg IandImildICHF. CitingIscholarlyIresources, IanswerIthe IfollowingIquestions: 1. What IisIpulmonaryIhypertensionIandIhowIcouldID. ID. Ihave IdevelopedIPH? InIhealthyIlungs, Ithere IisIaIlowIarterial Iresistance IandIvenousIresistance, Iso Ithat IcontributesItoIthe Ifact Ithat Ithe Ileft Iside IofIthe Iheart IisImuchIstronger. IPulmonary IHypertensionIisIcausedIbyIanIincrease IinIbloodIpressure IinIthe IpulmonaryIarteriesItoIthe Ilungs. IThe Iheart IisIworkingImuchIharderIthanIit IshouldItoIget ItheIbloodItoItheIlungs. ID.D. Imost IlikelyIdevelopedIthisIissue Ibecause IofIherIconsistent IsmokingIhabit. 2. HowIdoesIherIhistoryIfit IinIwithIherInewIdiagnosis? HerIhistoryIofIsmoking IhasIlent Ia IheavyIhandIinIall IofIherIpriorIillnesses. IForIexample, Ithe IchemicalsIinhaledIbyIsmokingIhasIdamagedIthe ImembranousIlayerIofIherIlayer, Iwhich IisIhowIfluidIisIenteringIherIlungs, Icausing IpulmonaryIedema. IAll IofIthese Iillnesses IcombinedIare ImakingIit IharderIforIherIheart IandIlungsItoIdoItheirIjobIproperlyIwhichIis IwhyIshe InowIhasIpulmonaryIhypertension. 3. What Iare Ithe Ithree ItypesIofIbronchodilators, IandIhowIdoItheyIfunctionItoIalleviate Ithe IsymptomsIofICOPD?IWhat Iare IotherIpossible ItreatmentsIforICOPD? The Ithree ItypesIare IBeta-adrenergic Iagonists, Ianticholinergics, IandImethylxanthines. IThe BI eta-agonistsIbindItoIreceptorsIinIthe IlungIandIblockIthe ItriggerItoItheIspasms, Iallowing Ithe IairwaysItoIremainIopen. ITheyIcanIbe ItakenIorallyIorIviaIMDI. I Anticholinergics Iblock aI cetylcholine Iproduction, IwhichIinIturnIstopIthe Ispasms. IThese Iare Iinhaled. IThe Ilast Itype, Imethylxanthines, Iare Ithe Ilast Iresort Itype IofIdrug. ITheyIalsoIalleviateIairflow Iobstruction. ICorticosteriods, Iantibiotics, IandIevenIopioidsIcanIalsoIbe IusedItoItreat ICOPD. Leader, ID.I(2018)ITypesIofIBronchodilatorsIUsedItoITreat ICOPD. IVeryWellHealth. Ihttps://www.verywellhealth.com/bronchodilators-in-the-treatment-of-copd-914846 QuestionI1 0.125Iout IofI0.125Ipoints I PATHOI370ITESTI4 What IformIofIoral Irehydration, IbottledIwaterIorIsaltyIbroth, IisIbest IsuitedIforIaIpatientIwho IisIdemonstrating IsignsIofIclinical Idehydration? Selected a. ISaltyIsoup, Ibecause Iit Iwill IprovideIsome IsodiumItoIhelpIhold IAnswer: Correct IAnswer : Response IFeedback : tI heIfluid IinIhisIbloodIvesselsIandIinterstitial Ifluid a. ISaltyIsoup, Ibecause Iit Iwill IprovideIsome IsodiumItoIhelp Ihold ItheIfluidIinIhisIbloodIvesselsIandIinterstitial Ifluid ThisImanIhasIindicatorsIofIclinical IdehydrationIandIheIneedsIsalt Ito IholdIthe IwaterIinIhisIextracellularIcompartment. IReplacingIfluids IandIelectrolytesIisImoreIimportant IthanImeetingIhisInutritional Ineeds Inow. QuestionI2 0.125Iout IofI0.125Ipoints AfterIevaluation, IaIchild’sIasthma IisIcharacterizedIasI“extrinsic.”IThisImeansIthat Ithe Iasthma Iis SelectedIAnswer: d. IassociatedIwithIspecific Iallergic Itriggers. Correct IAnswer: I Response IFeedback : d. IassociatedIwithIspecificIallergic Itriggers. Extrinsic Iasthma IisIalso Ireferred ItoIasIallergic Iasthma, IwhichIis ItriggeredIbyIantigens. IThe IunderlyingIpathogenesisIofIextrinsic IasthmaIisIanIallergic IinInature. IIntrinsicIasthmaIisIassociated Iwith IrespiratoryIinfections. IIntrinsic Iasthma IisIassociatedIwith Ipsychological Ifactors. QuestionI3 0Iout IofI0.125Ipoints AIknownIcause IofIhypokalemia Iis SelectedIAnswer: I c. Ipancreatitis. Correct IAnswer: a. IinsulinIoverdose. Response IFeedback : InsulinIoverdoseIcausesIhypokalemiaIbyIshiftingIpotassiumIinto Icells. OI liguric Irenal Ifailure IdecreasesIelectrolyte Iexcretion. IPancreatitis IcausesIfat Imalabsorption, IwhichIbindsIcalciumIand Imagnesium, Ibut Inot Ipotassium, IinItheIgastrointestinal Itract. IHyperparathyroidism I I PATHOI370ITESTI4 regulatesIcalcium, Inot Ipotassium. QuestionI4 0.125Iout IofI0.125Ipoints AirIthat IentersIthe Ipleural IspaceIduringIinspirationIbut IisIunable ItoIexit Iduring IexpirationIcreatesIa IconditionIcalled SelectedIAnswer: c. ItensionIpneumothorax. Correct IAnswer: I Response IFeedback : c. ItensionIpneumothorax. AirIthat IentersIthe Ipleural Ispace IduringIinspirationIbut IisIunable Ito Iexit IduringIexpirationIcausesIaItensionIpneumothorax. IThe Iquestion IdoesInot Idescribe IopenIpneumothorax, Ipleural Ieffusion, Ior Iempyema. QuestionI5 0.125Iout IofI0.125Ipoints What IisIlikelyItoIleadItoIhyponatremia? SelectedIAnswer: b. IFrequent Inasogastric Itube IirrigationIwithIwater Correct IAnswer: I Response IFeedback : b. IFrequent InasogastricItube IirrigationIwithIwater SodiumIisIlost IfromIgastric IsecretionsIwhenInasogastric ItubesIare IirrigatedIwithIwater. ITheIsodiumIdiffusesIintoItheIirrigatingIwaterIand IisIthenIlost IwhenIthe IaspirateIisIwithdrawn. IExcessive IADHIwould Ilead ItoIhyponatremia IbyIretention IofIwaterIinIthe Ibody, IthusIdiluting Ithe Isodium. IExcessIaldosteroneIwouldIincreaseIserumIsodium. Normal Isaline IisIanIisotonic IsolutionIandIwill Inot IalterIthe Iserum Isodium. QuestionI6 0.125Iout IofI0.125Ipoints COPDIleadsItoIaIbarrel Ichest, Ibecause Iit Icauses SI electedIAnswer: a. IairItrapping.