In the liver, amino acids are used to produce complex molecules by means of: A. glycogenesis. B. anabolic processes. C. catabolic processes. D. autodigestion. - ANS- B. anabolic processes. Which of the following cells in the gastric mucosa produce intrinsic factor and hydrochloric acid? A. Parietal cells B. Chief cells C. Mucous cells D. Gastrin cells - ANS- A. Parietal cells Which of the following is the primary site for absorption of nutrients? A. Stomach B. Duodenum C. Ileum D. Ascending colon - ANS- C. Ileum When highly acidic chyme enters the duodenum, which hormone stimulates the release of pancreatic secretions that contains very high bicarbonate ion content? A. Gastrin B. Secretin C. Cholecystokinin D. Histamine - ANS- B. Secretin Which of the following breaks protein down into peptides? A. Amylase B. Peptidase C. Lactase D. Trypsin - ANS- D. Trypsin In which structure is oxygenated blood (arterial) mixed with unoxygenated blood (venous) so as to support the functions of the structure? A. Pancreas B. Liver C. Small intestine D. Spleen - ANS- B. Liver Which of the following stimulates increased peristalsis and secretions in the digestive tract? A. Sympathetic nervous system B. Vagus nerve C. Increased saliva D. Absence of food in the system - ANS- B. Vagus nerve Which of the following is contained in pancreatic exocrine secretions? A. Bicarbonate ion B. Hydrochloric acid C. Activated digestive enzymes D. Insulin - ANS- A. Bicarbonate ion Which of the following processes is likely to occur in the body immediately after a meal? A. Lipolysis B. Ketogenesis C. Gluconeogenesis D. Glycogenesis - ANS- D. Glycogenesis The presence of food in the intestine stimulates intestinal activity but inhibits gastric activity through the: A. defecation reflex. B. enterogastric reflex. C. vomiting reflex. D. autodigestive reflex. - ANS- B. enterogastric reflex. What does the term gluconeogenesis refer to? A. Breakdown of glycogen to produce glucose B. Conversion of excess glucose into glycogen for storage C. Formation of glucose from protein and fat D. Breakdown of glucose into carbon dioxide and water - ANS- C. Formation of glucose from protein and fat Normally, proteins or amino acids are required to produce all of the following EXCEPT: A. peptide hormones. B. clotting factors and antibodies. C. cellular energy. D. hemoglobin. - ANS- C. cellular energy. Which of the following statements applies to bile salts? A. They give feces the characteristic brown color. B. They are enzymes used to break down fats into free fatty acids. C. They emulsify lipids and lipid-soluble vitamins. D. They are excreted in the feces. - ANS- C. They emulsify lipids and lipid-soluble vitamins. The visceral peritoneum: A. lines the abdominal wall. B. hangs from the stomach over the loops of small intestine. C. contains many pain receptors. D. forms the outer covering of the stomach. - ANS- D. forms the outer covering of the stomach. The early stage of vomiting causes: A. metabolic alkalosis. B. metabolic acidosis. C. increased respirations. D. increased excretion of hydrogen ions. - ANS- A. metabolic alkalosis. Yellow or greenish stained vomitus usually indicates the presence of: A. bile. B. blood. C. protein. D. bacteria. - ANS- A. bile. Small, hidden amounts of blood in stool are referred to as: A. melena. B. occult blood. C. frank blood. D. hematemesis. - ANS- B. occult blood. Severe vomiting can lead to metabolic acidosis because of increased: A. ketones produced. B. CO2 retained in the lungs and kidneys. C. hypovolemia and lactic acid production. D. metabolic rate. - ANS- C. hypovolemia and lactic acid production. Which of the following applies to the act of swallowing? A. It requires coordination of cranial nerves V, IX, X, and XII. B. It is entirely voluntary. C. It is controlled by a center in the hypothalamus. D. It does not affect respiration. - ANS- A. It requires coordination of cranial nerves V, IX, X, and XII. What does the defecation reflex require? A. Stimulation by the sympathetic nervous system B. Contraction of the internal anal sphincter C. Coordination through the sacral spinal cord D. Voluntary relaxation of pelvic muscles - ANS- C. Coordination through the sacral spinal cord What is the definition of dysphagia? A. A herniation of the gastric mucosa through a segment of weakened muscle B. Recurrent reflux of chyme into the esophagus C. Absence of a connection of the esophagus to the stomach D. Difficulty in swallowing - ANS- D. Difficulty in swallowing What does congenital esophageal atresia cause? A. Direct passage of saliva and food from the mouth into the trachea B. Repeated reflux of gastric secretions into the esophagus C. No fluid or food entering the stomach D. Gastric distention and cramps - ANS- C. No fluid or food entering the stomach