ho Section 1 Cell & Tissue Function/Dysfunction Atrophy: decrease in size of cells. Hypertrophy: increase in cell size. Hyperplasia: increase in number of cells. Metaplasia: mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type. Dysplasia: cells vary in size & shape within a tissue. Anaplasia: undifferentiated cells with variable nuclear & cell structure. Neoplasm: tumor. Cell Damage Ischemia: oxygen deficit due to respiratory or circulatory problems. Hypoxia: reduced oxygen in tissue. Oxygen Deficit: decreased energy production, loss of Na pump ↑intracellular Na. Temperature: inactivation of some enzymes, damages organelles, protein coagulation, disruption of cell membrane. Micro-organisms Abnormal Metabolites: caused by genetic disorders or altered metabolism. Nutritional Deficits Cell Death Apoptosis:programmed cell death controlled by genetics. Necrosis:lysis of a cell, cell components leak into blood. Liquification:dead cells liquefy due to release of enzymes. Coagulation:cell proteins are altered or denatured causing coagulation. Caseous:form of coagulation necrosis, thick, yellowish, cheesy. Fat: fatty tissue is broken down into fatty acids. Tissue Damage from Chemicals Exogenous: from environment. Endogenous: from inside the body, Tissue Damage from Physical Agents Hypothermia: vasoconstriction, ↑ blood viscosity, hypovolemic shock ↓blood pressure. Hyperthermia: causes general vasodilatation, decrease in circulating blood