PCE Review (Updated 2023) QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
PCE Review (Updated 2023) QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
What is the timeline of inflammation and what are three key factors of it? -
Answer 24hrs to 3-4 days
- Myofiber rupture and necrosis
- Hematomas
- Inflammatory cell reaction
What is the timeline of repair phase and what are 4 key factors to know? -
Answer 5-14 days
- Phagocytosis of necrotic fibers
- Regeneration of myofibers
- Formation of scar tissue
- Capillary ingrowth
What are the timelines for remodeling and 3 key factors to know? - Answer
14-21 days (can take up to 2 years)
Maturation of myofibers
Contraction and organization of scar tissue
Recovery of function
What is a contusion?
What causes it?
What is the Rx for initial and recovery time?
What are the common complications? - Answer Muscle injury caused by
sudden external force that results in deep muscle bleed
Rx 1st 48 hrs - PRICE, no HARM (heat, alcohol, running, massage)
- Put muscle on as much stretch as possible, crutches if necessary, gentlre ROM
Recovery time:
1st gr - 2-3 wk
2nd gr - 4-6 wk
3rd - 8wk
Complications - Compartment syndrome & myositis ossificans
Where do the majority of muscle strains occur?
When do the majority occur? - Answer In biarticular muscles at the muscle
tendon junction
Occur during eccentric loading or high intensity activities
- terminal swing phase of high speed running, concurent hip flexion & knee
extension as examples
What are risk factors for muscle strains?
What is the grading for muscle strains? - Answer Risk factors - prior injury,
age, unaccustomed activity, training errors, biomechanics
Grade 1 - microscopic tearing, pain/tightness, no weakness
Grade 2 - partial, macroscopic tear - pain & structural change, laxity, weakness
Grade 3 - complete tear - painless, weak, may lump
What is the Rx for muscle strains? - Answer Acute - PRICE
Repair - Modalities, stretch, strength
Remodeling - strength & stretch
RTP
What is a laceration and what is the Rx? - Answer Cutting of the muscle fibers,
require surgical repair w/ sutures
Inflammation phase - optimize gait, posture, and positioning
Repair phase - gradual ROM & strength
Remodeling - gradual increase load and velocity
What are the two kinds of muscle weakness to differentiate? - Answer
Weakness w/o pain (neurological or severe muscle damage) vs weakness w/ pain
(contractile lesion)
When do DOMs start? - Answer 72 hours after exercise
What nerves are involved (and nerve roots) for pelvic floor dysfunction?
How to assess it? - Answer Pudendal nerve (S2,3,4 from sacral plexus)
Ax - digital, EMG, manometer, dynamometer, real time US, MRI, biofeedback
What are key markers of Chronic Pelvic Pain?
What are the causes?
What is the age range?
What should be assessed?
What is the rx? - Answer Pain >3mo, between diaphragm & knees
Causes - MSK, neuro, gynecological, urogenital
Age - 25-35
Ax - urogenital s/s, lumbar/pelvic/groin mechanical presentation, core activation
Rx - decreased pelvic floor resting tone, increased pelvic floor proprioception,
increased motor control, decreased pain sensitization
What is pelvic girdle pain?
What are the risk factors?
What are the causes? - Answer Pelvic girdle pain is pain in the pelvic region
associated with 50% of pregnancies where there is weakness/laxity of the PFM
during pregnancy/child birth
Risk factors - previous hx of back pain/trauma
Causes - laxity, asymmetry, inadequate motor control
What are the signs/symptoms of pelvic girdle pain?
What should be the ax for pelvic girdle pain? - Answer Symptoms - pain
(ant/lat/post pelvic, groin, ant/post thigh, abdomen, coccyx) - w/ sustained
positions or transitional movements
Signs - posture (locked knees, L spine lordosis, thoracic kyphosis, FHP); asymmetry
(standing & supine); gait (shuffling, waddling, leg drop)
Ax - ASLR w/ force/form closure
Hip quadrants (ER/IR)
SIJ stability -> P4, Gaenslen's, FABERS, palpation
TOP spinous processes
TOP piriformis
Resisted hip ADD/ABD
What is the rx for pelvic girdle pain? - Answer Education - position and
movement strategies for pain management
Posture - lumbar support, soften knees, pillow for neck at night
Manual tx
Exercise - stabilize, symmetry
Movement strategies - use glutes (no rotation)
What is the condition progression for pelvic girdle pain? - Answer Cystocele -
herniation of bladder into vagina
Rectocele - herniation of rectum into vagina
Uterine prolapse - herniation of uterus into vagina
What are the grades of ligament sprains?
What ax?
What rx? - Answer Grade 1 - minor rupture, stable
Grade 2 - partial rupture, some laxity, no gross instability
Grade 3 - complete rupture, gross instability
Ax - Stability testing, laxity & end feel; pain
Rx -
Acute - PRICE
Repair - stability w/ muscle strength, DTFM, modalities, progressive loading
Remodeling- DFTM, progressive load, sport/function
What is the MOI, S/S, Dx, & RX for Syndesmotic Sprains? - Answer MOI -
planted foot + IR of leg (ER of talus); hyper DR + inversion; falls, twisting, MVA
Ligaments affected - AITFL, PITFL, interosseus, possible others
S/S - limited swelling, antalgic gait, TOP @ Injury site (AITFL, PTFL, ant distal
tib/fib)
Dx - ER stress test, squeeze test, crossed leg test, ant/post translation of fibula;
squat test; heel thump test
Rx - Phase1 (0-2wks) protection phase - PRICE, modalities, light ROM, NWB w/
crutches
Phase 2 (2-4 wks) regain mobility, increase strength, joint mobs, PWB ambulation
Phase 3 - increase function, unilateral balance & strength
Phase 4 - RTP, cutting, jumping, strengthening
What is a tendon?
What happens w/ loading tendons? - Answer Tendon is composed of
tenocytes and ECM (collagen, glycosaminoglycan)
Loading tendons - increased collagen synthesis, cellular proliferation, alignment
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