Pharmacology Proctored ATI Study Guide
Chapter 1: Pharmacokinetics and Routes of Administration
Absorption
Route of admin affects the rate and amount of absorption
o Oral:
GI pH and emptying time
Presence of food in the stomach or intestines
Form of meds (liquid/XR)
o Sublingual/buccal
Quick absorption systemically through highly vascular mucous
membranes
o Inhalation via mouth/nose
Rapid absorption through alveolar capillary networks
o Intradermal, topical
Slow, gradual absorption
o SQ/IM
Highly soluble meds have rapid absorption (10-30min), poorly soluble
have slower absorption
Blood perfusion at site of injection affect absorption
o IV
Immediate and complete
Distribution
o Transportation of meds to sites of action by body fluids
o Plasma binding protein: meds compete for protein binding sites within
bloodstream, primarily albumin. The ability of med to bind to protein can affect
how much med will leave and travel to target tissues.
Metabolism
o Primarily occurs in the liver but can take place in the kidney
o Factors that influence metabolism:
Age (infants/older adults require smaller doses)
First pass effect: liver inactivates some meds on first pass through and
thus require sublingual or IV route (may need higher dose)
Excretion:
o Eliminated through the kidneys.
o Kidney dysfunction can result in elevated levels of medications.
Med Response
o Maintain plasma levels between minimum effective concentration and the toxic
concentration:
Therapeutic index (TI)
o High TI has a wide safety margin.
o Low TI requires monitoring of serum levels.
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