1. What are the main causes of maternal mortality in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs)? How can they be prevented or reduced? - The main causes of maternal mortality in LMICs are hemorrhage, infection, hypertensive disorders, unsafe abortion, and obstructed labor. They can be prevented or reduced by improving access to quality antenatal, delivery, and postnatal care; providing skilled birth attendants and emergency obstetric care; promoting family planning and safe abortion services; and strengthening health systems and community engagement. 2. What are the main challenges and opportunities for achieving universal health coverage (UHC) in LMICs? - The main challenges for achieving UHC in LMICs are financing, governance, human resources, service delivery, quality, equity, and sustainability. The main opportunities are political commitment, global solidarity, innovation, evidence, and learning from best practices. 3. What are the main determinants of health and how do they interact with each other? - The main determinants of health are the social, economic, environmental, and behavioral factors that influence the health status of individuals and populations. They interact with each other in complex and dynamic ways, creating different patterns of health risks and outcomes across different contexts and groups. 4. What are the main types of health systems and how do they differ in terms of organization, financing, and performance? - The main types of health systems are the Beveridge model, the Bismarck model, the national health insurance model, and the out-of-pocket model. They differ in terms of how they organize the provision and payment of health services, how they raise and allocate funds for health care, and how they perform in terms of efficiency, effectiveness, quality, equity, and responsiveness. 5. What are the main goals and targets of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) related to health and how can they be measured and monitored? - The main goals and targets of the SDGs related to health are to end preventable deaths of newborns and children under 5 years of age; to end the epidemics of AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria, and neglected tropical diseases; to reduce by one third premature mortality from non-communicable diseases; to ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive health care services; to achieve UHC; to reduce the number of deaths and illnesses from hazardous chemicals and air, water, and soil pollution; to strengthen the implementation of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control; to support the research and development of vaccines and medicines for communicable and non-communicable diseases; and to increase substantially health financing and the recruitment, development, training, and retention of the health workforce. They can be measured and monitored by using indicators that capture the progress and gaps in these areas at global, regional, national, and subnational levels. 6. What are the main principles and strategies of primary health care (PHC) and how can they be implemented in LMICs? - The main principles of PHC are universal access, equity, community participation, intersectoral action, appropriate technology, and cost-effectiveness. The main strategies of PHC are selective PHC (focusing on a few priority interventions), comprehensive PHC (addressing the broader determinants of health), integrated PHC (coordinating different levels and types of care), people-centered PHC (empowering individuals and communities), and resilient PHC (adapting to changing contexts). They can be implemented in LMICs by adopting a PHC approach that is context-specific, evidence-based, participatory, multisectoral, and adaptive.