1. What is the difference between deductive and inductive

reasoning?

a) Deductive reasoning is based on general premises, while

inductive reasoning is based on specific observations.

b) Deductive reasoning is based on specific observations,

while inductive reasoning is based on general premises.

c) Deductive reasoning is always valid, while inductive

reasoning is always invalid.

d) Deductive reasoning is always invalid, while inductive

reasoning is always valid.

Answer: A. Deductive reasoning is based on general

premises, while inductive reasoning is based on specific

observations. This is the definition of these two types of

reasoning. B is the opposite of A. C and D are false

because both deductive and inductive reasoning can be

valid or invalid depending on the quality of the arguments.

2. What is a fallacy?

a) A mistake in reasoning that makes an argument invalid

or unsound.

b) A statement that contradicts itself or is logically

impossible.

c) A rhetorical device that appeals to the emotions or biases

of the audience.

d) All of the above.

Answer: D. All of the above. A fallacy is a mistake in

reasoning that makes an argument invalid or unsound, such

as affirming the consequent or denying the antecedent. A