1. What are the three main types of congenital heart defects and how do they affect blood flow in the heart? (3 points) - The three main types of congenital heart defects are acyanotic, cyanotic, and obstructive. - Acyanotic defects allow blood to flow from the left side of the heart to the right side, causing increased pulmonary blood flow and volume overload. Examples are atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect, and patent ductus arteriosus. - Cyanotic defects allow blood to flow from the right side of the heart to the left side, causing decreased pulmonary blood flow and hypoxemia. Examples are tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of the great arteries, and truncus arteriosus. - Obstructive defects impede blood flow in the heart or the great vessels, causing increased pressure and workload on the affected side. Examples are coarctation of the aorta, pulmonary stenosis, and aortic stenosis. 2. What are the signs and symptoms of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in a newborn? (3 points) - The signs and symptoms of RDS in a newborn are tachypnea, nasal flaring, intercostal and subcostal retractions, grunting, cyanosis, and decreased breath sounds. 3. What are the indications and contraindications for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in a pediatric patient? (3 points) - The indications for ECMO in a pediatric patient are severe respiratory failure or cardiac failure that is refractory to conventional therapy and has a reversible cause or a potential for recovery. - The contraindications for ECMO in a pediatric patient are irreversible organ damage, severe intracranial hemorrhage, uncorrectable bleeding diathesis, or poor prognosis. 4. What are the common causes and complications of acute kidney injury (AKI) in children? (3 points) - The common causes of AKI in children are prerenal (decreased renal perfusion), intrinsic (damage to the renal parenchyma), and postrenal (obstruction of urine flow). - The complications of AKI in children are fluid overload, electrolyte imbalances, acidosis, uremia, anemia, hypertension, and growth retardation. 5. What are the indications and nursing interventions for peritoneal dialysis (PD) in a child with end-stage renal disease (ESRD)? (3 points) - The indications for PD in a child with ESRD are chronic kidney failure that requires renal replacement therapy, inability to tolerate hemodialysis, or preference of the child and family. - The nursing interventions for PD in a child with ESRD are monitoring vital signs, fluid balance, electrolytes, blood glucose, infection signs, catheter patency, dialysate inflow and outflow, and complications such as peritonitis, leakage, or hernia.