1. A nurse is assessing a 6-month-old infant who is brought

to the clinic by his mother. The nurse observes that the

infant can roll over from his back to his stomach, but not

from his stomach to his back. The nurse should:

a) Refer the infant to a developmental specialist for further

evaluation.

b) Reassure the mother that this is normal for his age.

c) Advise the mother to encourage the infant to practice

rolling over both ways.

d) *Teach the mother that rolling over from stomach to

back usually occurs later than rolling over from back to

stomach.* (Rationale: Rolling over from back to stomach is

a milestone that most infants achieve by 6 months of age,

while rolling over from stomach to back may take longer,

up to 8 months of age. Therefore, the nurse should educate

the mother about this normal variation and not worry her

unnecessarily.)

2. A nurse is caring for a 2-year-old toddler who is

hospitalized for pneumonia. The nurse notices that the

toddler often says "no" to the nurse's requests and tries to

do things by himself, such as brushing his teeth or putting

on his clothes. The nurse should:

a) *Recognize that this is a normal expression of autonomy

and allow the toddler to do simple tasks with supervision.*

(Rationale: Autonomy versus shame and doubt is the

psychosocial stage of development that toddlers go

through, according to Erikson's theory. Toddlers need to

assert their independence and develop a sense of self-