1. A nursing student encounters a patient with a phobia of needles. Which psychological approach would best explain the patient's condition? A) Behavioral B) Cognitive C) Psychodynamic D) Humanistic Answer: A) Behavioral. Rationale: The behavioral approach focuses on learned behaviors and conditioning, which is relevant to understanding phobias that may develop through negative reinforcement or classical conditioning. 2. During a stressful exam period, a nursing student notices increased irritability among peers. Which concept explains this behavior? A) Fight-or-flight response B) Maslow's hierarchy of needs C) James-Lange theory of emotion D) Cannon-Bard theory of emotion Answer: A) Fight-or-flight response. Rationale: The fight-or-flight response is a physiological reaction to stress that can manifest as irritability, which is common during high-pressure situations like exams. 3. A patient exhibits memory loss and confusion. Which area of the brain is most likely affected? A) Amygdala B) Hippocampus C) Frontal lobe D) Cerebellum Answer: B) Hippocampus. Rationale: The hippocampus is crucial for memory formation, and damage to this area can result in symptoms such as memory loss and confusion. 4. When administering medication, a nurse must remember the precise dosage and schedule. This ability to retain and utilize information is known as: A) Sensory memory B) Short-term memory C) Long-term memory D) Procedural memory