1. Which of the following best describes classical conditioning?

a) Learning through active engagement with the environment

b) Learning through the association between a neutral stimulus and an

unconditioned stimulus

c) Learning through the process of observing others

d) Learning through the consequences of one's actions

Answer: b) Learning through the association between a neutral stimulus

and an unconditioned stimulus

Rationale: Classical conditioning involves learning through the

association of two stimuli, where a neutral stimulus becomes associated

with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response.

2. Which of the following is an example of operant conditioning?

a) A child learns to fear dogs after being bitten by one

b) A student studies hard to avoid failing an exam

c) A baby imitates the facial expressions of their mother

d) A person feels anxious when they encounter a spider

Answer: b) A student studies hard to avoid failing an exam

Rationale: Operant conditioning involves learning through the

consequences of one's actions. In this case, the student's behavior of

studying hard is influenced by the consequence of avoiding a negative

outcome (failing the exam).

3. Memory is defined as:

a) The process of learning through active engagement with the

environment

b) The ability to retain and recall information and experiences

c) The process of acquiring new knowledge through observing others

d) The emotional response associated with certain stimuli

Answer: b) The ability to retain and recall information and experiences

Rationale: Memory refers to the cognitive processes involved in encoding,

storing, and retrieving information or experiences. It involves the ability to

retain and recall information over time