Sources of knowledge - answerExperience, Authority, Deductive Reasoning, Inductive Reasoning and the Scientific Approach Experience - answerThe ability to learn from experience is a prime characteristic of intelligent behavior. Limitations of Experience - answerThe limitations are that people are affected by experiences differently, and you cannot learn everything you need to learn through your own personal experiences. Authority - answerPeople seek knowledge from someone who has had experience with the problem or has some other source of expertise. People accept as truth the work of recognized authorities. Limitations of Authority - answerLimitations are that you must ask how does the authority know. They can be wrong, they might not have the qualifications to be seen as an expert, and there may be dissent about who is right and the actual truth. Deductive Reasoning - answerA thinking process in which one proceeds from general to specific knowledge through logical argument. Is useful because it provides a way to link theory and observation, and helps build hypotheses. Limitations of Deductive Reasoning - answerLimitations are that you cannot conduct scientific inquiry through deductive reasoning alone because it is difficult to establish the universal truth of many statements dealing with scientific phenomena. Scientific Approach - answerA method of acquiring knowledge in which investigators move inductively from their observations to hypotheses and then deductively from the hypotheses to logical implications of the hypotheses. Assumptions made by scientists - answerThe events they investigate are lawful and ordered and reliable knowledge can ultimately derive only from direct and objective observation. Attitudes expected of scientists - answerScientists are essentially doubters, who maintain a highly skeptical attitude toward the data of science. They deal with facts and not values. They are objective and impartial. They are not satisfied with isolated facts. Seek to integrate and systematize their findings. Formulation of scientific theory - answerThe ultimate goal of science is theory formulation. Theory - answerA set of interrelated constructs and propositions that presents an explanation of phenomena and makes predictions about relationships among variables relevant to the phenomena. What a theory should be able to do - answerExplain the observed fact's relation to a particular problem (parsimony) consistent with the observed facts and with the already established body of knowledge, provide means for verification, and should stimulate new discoveries and indicate further areas in need of investigation. The nature of research - answerAlthough it may take place in different settings and may use different methods, scientific research is universally a systematic and objective search for reliable knowledge. Epistemology of quantitative research - answerQuantitative research originated in positivism. Positivists believe that general principles or laws govern the social world as they do the physical world. The assumptions of quantitative research - answerResearch can discover these general principles and then apply them to predict human behavior. They emphasize measurement and gathering data with objective techniques as the best way to answer questions and to explain and predict behavior. Epistemology of qualitative research - answerQualitative research is rooted in phenomenology which sees social reality as unique. Qualitative researchers seek to understand a phenomenon by focusing on the total picture rather than breaking it down into variables. The nature of reality for qualitative research - answerThe phenomenological approach sees the individual and his or her world as so interconnected that one has no existence without the other. Human behavior is understood by focusing on the meanings that events have for the people involved. Not only look at what people do but also at how they think and feel, and you must experience what happens to them. Basic research - answerResearch aimed at obtaining empirical data used to formulate and expand theory. Basic research is not oriented, in design or purpose toward the solution of practical problems. Its essential aim is to expand the frontiers of knowledge without regard to practical application. Applied research - answerResearch aimed at solving an immediate practical problem. It is research performed in relation to actual problems and under the conditions in which they appear in practice. Problem formulation in quantitative research - answerThe problem statement clarifies exactly what is to be investigated. Problem statement in quantitative research - answerAsks about a relationship between two variables stated in the form of a question or implied question. How the problem statement is presented in quantitative research - answerIn such a way that research into the question is possible. The problem statement in qualitative research asks - answerThe problem is stated more broadly than in quantitative research and indicates the general purpose of the study