CHAPTER 1 Historical and Contemporary Nursing Practice 1. Answer: 1, 4, and 5. Rationale: Option 2, Florence Nightingale, contributed to the nursing care of soldiers in the Crimean War. Option 3, Fabiola, used her wealth to provide houses of caring and healing during the Roman Empire. Cognitive Level: Knowledge. Client Need: N/A. Nursing Process: N/A. Learning Outcome: 1-1. 2. Answer: 2, 3, and 5. Rationale: State boards of nursing set minimum educational requirements for licensure. Professional organizations establish educational criteria for program accreditation. The National Council of State Boards of Nursing conducts practice studies and creates the NCLEX-RN®. Neither physicians (option 1) nor hospital administrators (option 4) are involved in setting nursing curricula. Cognitive Level: Remembering. Client Need: N/A. Nursing Process: N/A. Learning Outcome: 1-3. 3. Answer: 2. Rationale: Person (individual or client), environment, health, and nursing are relevant when providing care for any client whether in the hospital, at home, in the community, or in elementary school systems. These elements can be used to understand diseases, conduct and apply research, and develop nursing theories, as well as implement the nursing process. Cognitive Level: Applying. Client Need: N/A. Nursing Process: N/A. Learning Outcome: 1-5. 4. Answer: 2. Rationale: Continuing education refers to formalized experiences designed to enhance the knowledge or skill of practitioners. The other answers are examples of in-service education, which is designed to upgrade the knowledge or skills of current employees with regard to the specific setting, and is usually less formal in presentation. Cognitive Level: Analyzing. Client Need: Safe, Effective Care Environment. Nursing Process: N/A. Learning Outcome: 1-7. 5. Answer: 3. Rationale: Health promotion focuses on maintaining normal status without consideration of diseases. Option 1 is an example of illness prevention. Option 2 is aesthetic (i.e., not needed for health promotion or disease prevention). Option 4 focuses on disease detection. Cognitive Level: Remembering. Client Need: N/A. Nursing Process: N/A. Learning Outcome: 1-9. 6. Answer: 3. Rationale: All are noted nurses. Linda Richards was America’s first trained nurse, and Mary Mahoney was America’s first African American trained nurse. Cognitive Level: Remembering. Client Need: N/A. Nursing Process: N/A. Learning Outcome: 1-1. 7. Answer: 2. Rationale: Option 1, the advanced beginner, demonstrates marginally acceptable performance. Option 3, the proficient practitioner, has 3 to 5 years of experience and has developed a holistic understanding of the client. Option 4, the expert practitioner, demonstrates highly skilled intuitive and analytic ability in new situations. Cognitive Level: Remembering. Client Need: N/A. Nursing Process: N/A. Learning Outcome: 1-14. 8. Answer: 4. Rationale: The National Student Nurses’ Association developed the Code of Academic and Clinical Conduct for nursing students in 2001. Option 1, ANA, developed Standards of Nursing Practices. Option 2, NLN, focuses on nursing education. Option 3, the American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN), is the national organization that focuses on the advancement and maintenance of America’s baccalaureate and higher degree nursing education programs. Cognitive Level: Remembering. Client Need: N/A. Nursing Process: N/A. Learning Outcome: 1-16. 9. Answer: 1. Rationale: All will impact nursing but not necessarily the supply and demand issue. The aging population contributes to more older adults needing specialized care because of chronic illnesses (increasing the demand). Fewer nursing faculty to educate students and fewer nurses practicing because of retirement contribute to the decreasing supply. Cognitive Level: Analyzing. Client Need: N/A. Nursing Process: N/A. Learning Outcome: 1-15. 10. Answer: 2. Rationale: All of the expanded roles function as healthcare advocates and all could work with individuals affected by violence. However, the forensic nurse specifically integrates forensic skills into nursing practice. Cognitive Level: Remembering. Client Need: N/A. Nursing Process: N/A. Learning Outcome: 1-12. CHAPTER 2 Evidence-Based Practice and Research in Nursing 1. Answer: 4. Rationale: Trial and error is not considered valid evidence, and may even be harmful to clients. Clinical experience (option 1), the opinions of experts (option 2), and client values and preferences (option 3) are all considered valid evidence in EBP. Cognitive Level: Remembering. Client Need: N/A. Nursing Process: N/A. Learning Outcome: 2-3. 2. Answer: 1. Rationale: Quantitative research collects numerical data. Sleep deprivation can be defined by numbers of hours without sleep and wound healing can be measured by the size of the wound in relation to a period of time. While some of the other options may be calculated using sophisticated numerical processes, they are not as easily measured and may be more appropriate for qualitative research methods. Cognitive Level: Applying. Client Need: N/A. Nursing Process: N/A. Learning Outcome: 2-4. 3. Answer: 3. Rationale: This study investigates the subjective experience of stress, through the collection of narrative data. Options 1, 2, and 4 are examples of quantitative research using numbers and values. Cognitive Level: Applying. Client Need: N/A. Nursing Process: N/A. Learning Outcome: 2-4. 4. Answer: 2. Rationale: The key purpose of a study’s methodology is to generate data that are reliable and valid; thus controlling extraneous variables is a major function. The hypotheses that are tested are formed during the problem identification phase of a study (option 1). Grants and funding sources are not related to methodology (option 3). Protecting participants’ rights