ANSWERS TO TEXTBOOK REVIEW QUESTIONS FOR TECHNOLOGY OF MACHINE TOOLS, NINTH EDITION ANSWER KEY TO WORKBOOK FOR TECHNOLOGY OF MACHINE TOOLS, NINTH EDITION UNIT 1 1. Beginning over 50,000 years ago, tools were made of wood, animal bone, or stones. Between 4500 and 4000 B.C., copper and bronze tools replaced stone spears and axes. Around 1000 B.C., iron tools replaced bronze tools. Around 300 years ago, the iron age became the machine age. 2. more efficient production, greater product accuracy, high standard of living 3. addition of hydraulics, pneumatics, fluidics, electronics 4. chip producing, non-chip-producing, new generation 5. (a) drilling, reaming, countersinking, counterboring, tapping (b) turning, facing, tapering, boring, threading (c) flat and contour surfaces, gears, drilling, boring, reaming 6. surface, cylindrical, cutter and tool, bench or pedestal 7. speed, accuracy, efficiency, reliability 8. A chucking center is for parts held in chuck or driving device. A turning center is for shaft-type parts that must be supported by a center. 9. vertical, horizontal 10. (a) internal and external shapes (b) die sinking 11. to machine space-age materials and produce shapes impossible by other methods 12. increased productivity, improved part quality 13. handling materials, changing machine accessories 14. cutting and welding all types of materials; accurate measuring and sensing devices UNIT 2 1. better quality goods, lower cost, an increase in nation’s resources, generation of wealth 2. artificial intelligence, computer-integrated manufacturing, flexible manufacturing systems, robotics 3. conventional machining, CNC machining, CAD/CAM techniques, maintenance, automation, flexible manufacturing 4. a person working under skilled people to learn a trade 5. completion of high school, mechanical ability, good use of English 6. A machinist operates all machine tools; a machine operator operates only one machine tool. 7. A jobbing shop does a variety of work. A production shop makes identical parts. 8. a highly skilled person who makes dies, jigs, molds, fixtures 9. serve an apprenticeship, demonstrate aboveaverage mechanical ability, operate all machine tools, become skilled in all machining processes, and acquire mathematics and print reading knowledge 10. A CNC programmer must possess all the skills of a CNC machine operator and also be skilled in print reading, knowledgeable of computer programming, be able to visualize processes and operations. 11. A technician makes cost estimates, prepares technical reports, programs CNC machines. A technologist assists engineer with design studies,