Summary 1. Explain the Functions of a Computer A computer is a device that converts raw data into information using the information processing cycle. The four steps of the IPC are input, processing, storage, and output. Computers can be programmed to perform different tasks. 2. Describe the Evolution of Computer Hardware The earliest computers used vacuum tubes, which are inefficient, large, and prone to failure. Second-generation computers used transistors, which are small electric switches. Third-generation computers used integrated circuits—silicon chips containing multiple tiny transistors. Fourth-generation computers use microprocessors—complex integrated circuits containing processing circuitry. The central processing unit (CPU) is the primary microprocessor of a computer. Moore’s Law states that the number of transistors that can be placed on an integrated circuit has doubled roughly every two years. The increase in the capabilities of integrated circuits directly affects the processing speed and storage capacity of modern electronic devices. 3. Describe How Computers Represent Data Using Binary Code A single bit (or switch) has two possible states—on or off— and can be used for situations with two possibilities, such as yes/no or true/false. Digital data is represented by 8-bit binary code on most modern computers. The 8-bit ASCII system originally had binary codes for 256 characters. Unicode is an extended ASCII set with codes for more than 100,000 characters. 4. List the Various Types and Characteristics of Personal Computers Personal computers include desktop computers, which offer the most speed, power, and upgrade for the lowest cost; workstations, which are high-end desktop computers; and all-in-ones, compact desktop computers with the computer case integrated into the monitor. Portable personal computers include notebooks and tablets. 5. Give Examples of Other Computing Devices Other computing devices include smartphones, wearables, GPS, video game systems, and simulators. Virtual reality is an immersive technology, while augmented reality and mixed reality mix virtual content over the physical world. 6. List the Various Types and Characteristics of Multiuser Computers Multiuser computers allow multiple simultaneous users to connect to the system. They include servers, midrange servers, mainframe computers, and enterprise servers. Supercomputers perform complex mathematical calculations. They perform a limited number of tasks as quickly as possible. Distributed computing uses the processing of multiple computers to perform complex tasks. 7. Explain Ubiquitous Computing and Convergence Ubiquitous computing means the technology recedes into the background so that you no longer notice it as you interact with it. The Internet of Things is the connection of the physical world to the Internet. Convergence is the integration of multiple technologies, such as cell phones, cameras, and music players, on a single device.