1. Which factor significantly contributed to the shift from home births to hospital births in the early 20th century?

a. Puerperal sepsis was identified as a risk factor in labor and delivery. h. Forceps were developed to facilitate difficult births.

c. The importance of early parental-infant contact was identified.

d. Technologic developments became available to physicians.

ANS: D

Technologic developments were available to physicians, not lay midwives. So in-hospital births increased in order to take advantage of these advancements. Puerperal sepsis has been a known problem for generations. In the late 19th century, Semmelweis discovered how it could be prevented with improved hygienic practices. The development of forceps is an example of a technology advance made in the early 20th century but is not the only reason birthplaces moved. Unlike home births, early hospital births hindered bonding between parents and their infants.

PTS:1 DIF

Cognitive Level: Remembering

OBJ:Integrated Process: Teaching-Learning

MSC Client Needs: Safe and Effective Care Environment

2. Family-centered maternity care developed in response to

a demands by physicians for family involvement in childbirth. b. the Sheppard-Towner Act of 1921. cparental requests that infants be allowed to remain with them rather than in a

nursery. d. changes in pharmacologic management of labor.

ANS: C

As research began to identify the benefits of early extended parent-infant contact, parents began to insist that the infant remain with them. This gradually developed into the practice of rooming-in and finally to family-centered maternity care. Family-centered care was a request by parents, not physicians. The Sheppard-Towner Act of 1921 provided funds for state-managed programs for mothers and children. The changes in pharmacologic management of labor were not a factor in family-centered maternity care.

PTS:1 DIF

Cognitive Level: Remembering

OBJ:Integrated Process: Teaching-Learning MSC Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity

3. Which setting for childbirth allows the least amount of parent-infant contact?

a Labor/delivery/recovery/postpartum room

h. Birth center

c. Traditional hospital birth

d. Home birth