Journey Across the Life Span, 6 th Edition Polan Test Bank Chapter 1: Healthy Lifestyles – Questions With Answers and Rationales 1. In early civilization, the cause of illness was attributed to: a. Infectious disease b. Microorganisms c. Contaminated food and water d. Natural and supernatural forces Answer: d Rationale: In early civilization, illness was attributed to natural and supernatural forces. Nursing Process: Assessment Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 2. The first understanding of disease processes occurred in (the): a. Early civilization b. 21st century c. 19th century d. Middle Ages Answer: c Rationale: In the 19th century, the development of bacteriology helped in the understanding of disease processes. Nursing Process: Assessment 3. Despite all of the improvements and advancements in health care, several infectious diseases have recently resurfaced, including: